1. The basis for organic chemistry
Hydrocarbons
The basis for organic chemistry

2. Organic Compounds
Contain C bonded to other elements, commonly H, O, N, S, and halogens
Carbon
Can form many different compounds due to its hybrid orbitals
Has intermediate electonegativity, so its most likely to form molecular compounds (Recall: molecular compounds have diverse properties)
Can make single, double, and triple bonds
Can form isomers (same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms)

3. Types of Hydrocarbons
Saturated: Contain the maximum number of hydrogens, single bonds between all carbons
Unsaturated: Contain 1+ double or triple bonds

4. Types of Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Carbons are arranged in chains
Cyclic: Carbons are arranged in rings
Aromatic: Contain a benzene ring

5. Types of Hydrocarbons

6. Structural Shorthand
Explicit hydrogens (those required to complete carbon’s valence) are usually left off of drawings of hydrocarbons C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4
Line intersections represent carbon atoms

7. Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8
Cyclopentane, C5H10
Cyclohexane, C6H12
Cycloheptane, C7H14
Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out

8. Hydrocarbon Root Names
# of Carbons
Root Name 1
meth- 2
eth- 3
prop- 4
but- 5
pent- 6
hex- 7
hept- 8
oct- 9
non- 10
dec-

9. Naming Alkanes Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain
Determine the appropriate root
Add the suffix “ane”

10. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain
of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon 1 2 3 4
4 carbon chain = butane

11. Naming Branched Alkanes
Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain
Determine the appropriate root
Use the numbered C’s to give the branches a position number add “yl” suffix
Add the suffix “ane”

12. Naming Branched Alkanes
Important Rules:
Start numbering from the end that will give you the lowest number of branches
If there is more than one type of branch, name the branches in alphabetical order
If there is more than two of the same type of branch, give the branch a position number and prefixes “di”, “tri” “tetra” etc.
Put commas between numbers and hyphens between numbers and letters

13. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
When alkane groups appear as substituents, they
are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.
—CH3 Methyl
—CH2CH3 Ethyl
—CH2CH2CH3 Propyl
—CH2CH2CH2CH3 Butyl
Methyl

14. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
The positions of substituent groups are specified
by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms
sequentially, starting at the end closest to the
branching. 1 2 3 4
Methyl

15. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature)
The location and name of each substituent are
followed by the root alkane name. The substituents
are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any
prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to
indicate multiple identical substituents. 1 2 3 4
Name:
2-methylbutane
Methyl

16. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound 1
9 carbons = nonane 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 9
Step #1: For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon

17. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9
Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.

18. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9 1 9
NOT 9 1
Step #3: The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching.

19. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6
CH3 = methyl 7
chlorine = chloro 8 9
2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane
Step #4: The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents.

20. Practice P. 11-16 #1, 2 Naming Alkanes Worksheet
Alkane Challenge Worksheet

21. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain containing the double/triple bond.
This is the parent chain, determine the root
Number the parent chain so that the double/triple bond has the lowest possible position number
Identify the position numbers of branches
Same rules as before
Write the branches in alphabetical order
Write the root, including a prefix that identifies the position of the double/triple bond
Add the prefix “cyclo” if its cyclic
Add the suffix “ene” or “yne”

22. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes

23. Structural Isomers
Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements
They will have different physical and chemical properties
Example:
pentane
2-methylbutane
2,2-dimathylpropane

24. Cis-Trans Isomers
Cis-trans isomers occur when different groups of atoms are arranged around a double bond
Unlike a single C-C bond that can rotate, the double C=C bond is fixed
Opposite side
Same side
cis-1,2-dichloroethene
trans-1,2-dichloroethene

25. Cis-Trans Isomers
Examples:
cis-3-pentene
trans-2-hexene

26. Naming Aromatics Same rules
If benzene is the parent chain “benzene” suffix
If benzene is a branch group “phenyl”

27. Practice P. 16-22 #3-7, 8abc Naming Alkenes/Alkynes Worksheet
Isomer Challenge Worksheet
Naming Hydrocarbons Worksheet