1. & levels of organization
Biochemistry
& levels of organization

2. Levels of Organization
Sub-atomic particles …….put together make
Atoms……………………….. .put together make
Molecules (monomers) …put together make
Macromolecules (polymers) … put together make
Organelles & Cell parts … put together make
Cells (smallest unit of life)

3. Cells that work together make….Tissues
Tissues work together to make…Organs
Organs work together in …Organ Systems

4. Sub-atomic Particles Sub = smaller or under Atomic = atom Protons (+)
Protons (+)
Neutrons (o)
Electrons (-)

5. Atoms Nucleus = protons & neutrons in center of atom
Electron Cloud = area around nucleus where electrons move about

6. Atoms The number of protons in an atom determines the Element
The most common elements in living things are:
C H N O P S

7. Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Elements we need in only very small amounts are called
Trace elements

8. Carbon Based Life Forms
Life on earth is carbon-based
Carbon atoms have unique properties
that enable the construction of the
VERY large molecules needed for life.
Carbon forms the
framework for
Macromolecules

9. Carbon Atoms: Can bond to 4 other atoms Form short strong bonds
Can make double bonds
Can form long chains and rings

10. Monomers Single molecules that make up all living things
1) monosaccharides = single sugars
2) glycerol – alcohol used to connect things
3) fatty acids – make
4) amino acids - make
5) Nucleotides – found in
- make

11. 1) Monosaccharides A) are carbohydrates = made of only C, H, O
carbon + water
B) examples :
1) glucose – made by photosynthesis
2) fructose – fruit sugar
C) 2 bound together make a disaccharide
example disaccharide = sucrose
(table sugar)
D) many can bond together = polysaccharide

12. 2) Glycerol A) alcohol that can bond to 3 other monomers
B) makes a triglyceride when bound to 3 fatty acids triglycerides
C)lipid macromolecules
D) phospholipid
macromolecules

13. 3) Fatty Acids A) acid followed by a Hydrocarbon chain
(chain of H & C)
HC chains are hydrophobic
(water fearing) don’t mix w/ H2O
B) straight chains are saturated fatty acids
C) bent chains are unsaturated fatty acids
D) make lipids and
Phospholipid
macromolecules

14. 4) Amino Acids Made of a C with 4 things attached 1) a hydrogen
2) an amino group NH3
3) an acid COOH
4) an R group
20 different R groups so…
20 different Amino acids (some = essential aa)
(must be part of diet)
Make protein macromolecules

15. 5) Phosphate 1) made of a phosphate surrounded by oxygens
2) hydrophilic
water – loving
3) part of nucleotide monomers
And
4) part of phospholipid macromolecules

16. 6) Nucleotides The largest monomer…actually includes a monosaccharide
Made of 3 parts
1) one 5 carbon sugar
2) phosphate
3) nitrogen containing base

17. Two different 5 carbon sugars can be used
1) ribose in RNA
2) deoxyribose in DNA

18. 5 different N-bases can be used
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
Uracil
(ine …in DNA)

19. Condensation dehydration rxn
Remove water (in form of H from one molecules and OH from the other)
In order to stick to molecules together

20. Polymers = Macromolecules
Monomers bonded together to make
polymers
Chemical reactions that bond monomers together called…
Condensation dehydration reactions
(bring together) (remove H2O)

21. 5 Macromolecules 1) polysaccharides 2) Lipids 3) phospholipids
4) proteins
5) nucleic acids

22. 1) Polysaccharides Made of many single sugars (carbohydrates)
1) starch – how plants store glucose
2) glycogen – how animals store glucose
3) cellulose – makes plant cell walls &
is the fiber in our diet
(we can’t digest it)
All 3 are made of chains of glucose

23. 2) Lipids Made of fatty acids & glycerol Hydrophobic
1) fats – solid at room temp. (saturated f.a.)
store energy in animals
2) oils – liquid at room temp.(unsaturated f.a.)
store energy in plants
3) waxes – used to waterproof
4) steroids – hormones help w/ homeostasis

24. 3) Phospholipids A) Made of glycerol, 2 f.a.s & a phosphate
-Phosphate head is hydrophilic
(water loving)
-Hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic
B) Makes up cell membranes

25. 4) Proteins A)Made of chains of aminoacids Folded into 3-D shapes
B) Most of muscle is protein
C) Most enzymes are proteins
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions
Make the rxns in a cell run fast enough to stay alive.

26. 5) Nucleic Acids A) Made of chains of nucleotides
B) If ribose is the sugar = RNA
ribonucleic acid
takes directions from nucleus out to cell
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
C) If deoxyribose is the sugar = DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
is the code that stores all the directions for how to run the cell (stays in nucleus)
Makes up chromosomes

27. Hydrolysis rxn Using water to break 2 molecules apart
Put water (in form of H and OH back in)