3. What happened? Edwin Hubble discovers all galaxies are moving away from each other, which means the universe is expanding If thats true, then it means the universe started!

4. In the beginning…. No atoms No space No time No physical laws Enormous burst What caused it? ?? Must be something outside of the universe

5. Before the Big Bang Theory (1929), everyone thought… Before the Big Bang Theory (1929), everyone thought… Matter exists forever (Conservation of Matter) Matter exists forever (Conservation of Matter) Universe existed forever, at the same size… Universe existed forever, at the same size… Q: Then how come gravity doesnt make the universe collapse? Q: Then how come gravity doesnt make the universe collapse? Theologians who said that universe didnt exist before were seen as unscientific Theologians who said that universe didnt exist before were seen as unscientific Universe is infinitely big and evenly distributed Introduced a Cosmological Constant into his formula to keep the universe from collapsing

6. The big bang, the most cataclysmic event we can imagine, on closer inspection appears finely orchestrated…Until the late 1910's, humans were as ignorant of cosmic origins as they had ever been. Those who didn't take Genesis literally had no reason to believe there had been a beginning George Smoot (Physicist) The big bang, the most cataclysmic event we can imagine, on closer inspection appears finely orchestrated…Until the late 1910's, humans were as ignorant of cosmic origins as they had ever been. Those who didn't take Genesis literally had no reason to believe there had been a beginning George Smoot (Physicist)

7. "[Wilson], like most physicists, would rather attempt to describe the universe in ways which require no explanation; there's the economy of physics. And since science can't explain anything--it can only describe things- -that's perfectly sensible." Arno Penzias (American physicist) "[Wilson], like most physicists, would rather attempt to describe the universe in ways which require no explanation; there's the economy of physics. And since science can't explain anything--it can only describe things- -that's perfectly sensible." Arno Penzias (American physicist)

8. Everything that has a beginning has a cause. The universe has a beginning Therefore, the universe has a cause

10. …demands a designer

13. Gravitational Force G = 6.673 x 10 -11 m 3 kg -1 s -2 Planck constant h = 6.626 x 10 -34 J s

14. Astronomy leads us to a unique event, a universe which was created out of nothing, one with the very delicate balance needed to provide exactly the conditions required to permit life, and one which has an underlying (one might say supernatural) plan. Arno Penzias (American physicist) Astronomy leads us to a unique event, a universe which was created out of nothing, one with the very delicate balance needed to provide exactly the conditions required to permit life, and one which has an underlying (one might say supernatural) plan. Arno Penzias (American physicist)

15. The closest is the idea that the fundamental constants of the universe are too good to be true. And that does seem to need some kind of an explanation. Richard Dawkins (British evolutionist, during the interview in Four Horsemen) The closest is the idea that the fundamental constants of the universe are too good to be true. And that does seem to need some kind of an explanation. Richard Dawkins (British evolutionist, during the interview in Four Horsemen)

16. The remarkable fact is that the values of these numbers seem to have been very finely adjusted to make possible the development of life… Most sets of values would give rise to universes that, although they might be very beautiful, would contain no one able to wonder at that beauty. Stephen Hawking (A Brief History of Time, 1996 ) The remarkable fact is that the values of these numbers seem to have been very finely adjusted to make possible the development of life… Most sets of values would give rise to universes that, although they might be very beautiful, would contain no one able to wonder at that beauty. Stephen Hawking (A Brief History of Time, 1996 ) Our universe and its laws appear to have a design that both is tailor-made to support us and, if we are to exist, leaves little room for alteration. That is not easily explained, and raises the natural question of why it is that way. Stephen Hawking (The Grand Design, 2010 ) Our universe and its laws appear to have a design that both is tailor-made to support us and, if we are to exist, leaves little room for alteration. That is not easily explained, and raises the natural question of why it is that way. Stephen Hawking (The Grand Design, 2010 )

17. Gravitational Constant () Gravitational Constant (6.673 x 10 -11 m 3 kg -1 s -2 ) Too Weak: Too Weak: no planets, no stars no planets, no stars Too Strong: Too Strong: Big Crunch Big Crunch

18. Strong Nuclear Force Constant (the force that holds the nucleus of an atom together) 2% Weaker: 2% Weaker: No molecules No molecules 0.3% Stronger: 0.3% Stronger: No suns, no carbon No suns, no carbon

19. Electromagnetic Force Constant (force that binds electrons to protons in an atom) Coulombs constant ke = 8.98755 x 10 9 Nm 2 C -2 Weaker or stronger just by a little little bit: No molecules How much is little little bit? 1 / 1040 = 0.000000000000000000000000000000000000001%

20. Time: 10 -34 second Time: 10 -34 second Temperature: 10 27 K Temperature: 10 27 K Fine-Tuning of the 4 Forces (Gravity, Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear, Weak Nuclear) Fine-Tuning of the 4 Forces (Gravity, Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear, Weak Nuclear)

21. Time: 10 -10 second Time: 10 -10 second Temperature: 10 15 K Temperature: 10 15 K Fine-Tuning in Speed Fine-Tuning in Speed Too slow Too slow Universe collapses Universe collapses Too fast Too fast No galaxy formation No galaxy formation Perfect speed! Fine-Tuning Range = 1/10 55 Perfect speed! Fine-Tuning Range = 1/10 55 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000001% If the rate of expansion one second after the big bang had been smaller by even one part in a hundred thousand million million, the universe would have recollapsed before it ever reached its present size. Stephen Hawking (A Brief History of Time, 1996 ) If the rate of expansion one second after the big bang had been smaller by even one part in a hundred thousand million million, the universe would have recollapsed before it ever reached its present size. Stephen Hawking (A Brief History of Time, 1996 )

22. Constants & incidental values of our universe seem very FINE-TUNED, to make complex life (like us) possible Constants & incidental values of our universe seem very FINE-TUNED, to make complex life (like us) possible Who / What designed the universe? Who / What designed the universe? Bibliography Bibliography The Anthropic Cosmological Principle by Barrow & Tipler (1986) The Anthropic Cosmological Principle by Barrow & Tipler (1986) Natures Destiny by Michael Denton (1998) Natures Destiny by Michael Denton (1998) Overview Overview Fine-Tuned Universe, paper by Hugh Ross Fine-Tuned Universe, paper by Hugh Ross

23. The Bible talks of purposeful creation. What we have, however, is an amazing amount of order; and when we see order, in our experience it normally reflects purpose…if we read the Bible as a whole we would expect order in the world. Purpose would imply order, and what we actually find is order. This world is most consistent with purposeful creation. Arno Penzias (American physicist) The Bible talks of purposeful creation. What we have, however, is an amazing amount of order; and when we see order, in our experience it normally reflects purpose…if we read the Bible as a whole we would expect order in the world. Purpose would imply order, and what we actually find is order. This world is most consistent with purposeful creation. Arno Penzias (American physicist)

24. 1. The Universe is fine-tuned for life 2. And if life-sustaining planets are extremely rare (perhaps Earth is the only one?) 3. It suggests 1. we are more lucky than ever imagined 2. OR the fine-tuner had human beings in mind

29. Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing. Macbeth (Act 5, Scene 5)

30. 16 And he told them this parable: "The ground of a certain rich man produced a good crop. 17 He thought to himself, 'What shall I do? I have no place to store my crops.' 18 "Then he said, 'This is what I'll do. I will tear down my barns and build bigger ones, and there I will store all my grain and my goods. 19 And I'll say to myself, "You have plenty of good things laid up for many years. Take life easy; eat, drink and be merry.

31. 20 "But God said to him, 'You fool! This very night your life will be demanded from you. Then who will get what you have prepared for yourself?' 21 "This is how it will be with anyone who stores up things for himself but is not rich toward God."

32. Why did God call the rich man a fool? Pursuit of $ … … distracted him from most important purpose of his life Mankinds purpose Personal relationship with God

33. Rich in relationship With God, it entails: Knowing God Relating to God Spending time with God Life A journey with God

34. 1. Do you see reasons for believing in God based on our observation of nature? 2. What conclusions can you make based on the fine-tuned nature of the universe and the fact that the world around is full of intentional information? 3. Where does your sense of purpose and desire for meaning come from? What standard can you use to live a meaningful life?

35. Creation Hypothesis, ed. J.P. Moreland Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence, Henry Schaefer The Privileged Planet by Guillermo Gonzalez and Jay Richards Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe by Peter D. Ward