1. Biopsychology
The Brain and Behavior

2. Outline Techniques to study Brain The Neuron: structure and function
Organization of Nervous System
Localized function
Lateralized function
Endocrine system
Behavioral genetics

3. Techniques History: Hippocrates Galen
Gall & Spurzheim “Phrenology in 1820’s”
Gage 1848
Broca 1861: Patient Leborgne shows aphasia (no speech); Left frontal lobe damaged.
Wernicke : process language in temporal lobe in left hemisphere

4. Surgical “ablation” after gunshots, tumors or strokes.
C. Golgi “silver staining technique.
S. Ramon y Cajal 1880’s used staining method to map neuron structure and gap between neurons.
Penfield -1952
Hess 1955 “rats and hypothalamus control of eating”
EEG

5. Imaging of live brain CAT- computerized axial tomography
MRI – magnetic resonance imaging
PET – positron emission tomography
BEAM : brain electrical activity mapping
MEG : magnetoencephalography
PRONG: parallel recording of neural groups
SPECT : single-photon emission computerized tomography; cerebral blood flow.

6. The Generic Neuron

7. The Neurons Connected

8. Structure of Neuron Cell body ( cyton or soma) Dendrites Axon
ends in terminal buttons which have synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters.
Myelin sheathing
covered in Schwann cells
segments between sheaths are nodes of Ranvier

9. Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine (ACh)
Amino Acids- glutamate and aspartate
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Dopamine and norepinephrine are catecholamine.
Serotonin
Opioid peptides – endorphins
60 others are known to function in brain alone.

10. Synaptic Gap

11. Some of 200 types of neurons

12. Motor neurons: message from CNS to muscles and glands.
Classes of Neurons:
Three types Sensory, Motor, Interneurons.
Sensory neurons : messages from sense receptors to central nervous system (CNS).
Motor neurons: message from CNS to muscles and glands.
Interneurons :messages between neurons.
GLIA cells perform housekeeping, insulation, and protection.

13. Neural Impulse “All-or-nothing” principle
At rest more negative inside then out at mV.
Sodium-Potassium pump
Stimulated to “Threshold” net flow of Na+ out and K+ ions in. Causing +40mV action potential.
Intense stimulus, frequent firing.

14. Action Potential

15. Refractory period
Synapse
Simplest form of behavior: Reflex arc ( knee jerk, eye blink.
Graded Potentials : generated by excitatory input and vary in size. Many are needed to fire neuron.
Temporal & Spatial Summation

16. Nervous System

17. Brain Anatomy
The Brain Explorer Website

19. Split Brains

20. Endocrine System Endocrine vs. Nervous system Hormones Glands: Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid

21. Adrenal: cortex and medulla
Pancreas
Gonads: Ovaries and Testes

22. Behavioral Genetics Darwin, Evolution and Determinism (1850)
Continuity between animal – humans
Individual differences
Adaptability
Environmental pressure
Change occurs

23. Humans Evolved Three critical changes: Phenotype vs. Genotype
Encephalization
Bipedal
Language
Phenotype vs. Genotype
Genes and behavior (Dr. S. Pinker: The Blank Slate – MIT)
Nature vs. Nurture
Heredity vs. Environment
46 chromosomes carrying genes to build protien from DNA patterns. 1 pair XX or XY

24. Twin Studies
Human Genome Project : 23 chromosome pairs have been mapped. Book by Dr. Ridley: Genome