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Chapter 1: Introduction to Research on Physical Activity
SFM 651: Research Methods Dr. Johnson
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What is Research Simply put…….its answering a question
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Questions of research 1. What is the Problem?
Introduction 2. How did you study the Problem? Materials and Methods 3. What did you find? Results 4. What do the findings mean? Discussion
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Solving problems Systematic Logical Empirical Reductive Replicable
Identifying and labeling variables Testing the relationship among variables Logical Procedures are followed to allow for analyzation Empirical Data collected to based decisions on Reductive Individual events show general relationships Replicable Recorded others can reproduce the results
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Types of research Resolving controversial issues Testing theories
Improving present practices
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Applied Research Doing things in real life Examples
Difficult to control variables Examples Which exercise program is better Aerobic Dance Jogging Control group People are actually doing it.
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Basic Research Theoretical problems Usually done in a laboratory
Can control variables Usually done in a laboratory Pretty much opposite of Applied Research
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Table 1.1 Differences in types of research Pg 5
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Actions of research Identifying and delimiting the problem
Searching, reviewing and effectively writing about relevant literature Specifying and defining testable hypothesis Designing the research to test the hypothesis Selecting, describing, testing and treating the participants Analyzing and reporting results Discussing the meaning and implications of the findings
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Problems with research
Is it actually helpful? Too specific People reading research Small amounts actually read it Too technical in the writing
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Trade vs Professions Trade Professions How to do something
How to do it and why it is done that way
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Reading research Must get past jargon
Written to “sound impressive” 3 dollar word vs 5 cent word Initiate vs start Perform vs do Etc Statistics – does anyone actually understand this? Hard to read if not in field.
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Tricks to reading research
Identify good journals for you Ones you can read / understand Look at articles that interest you Start with the abstract Statistical significance? Know what this means Don’t be too critical – peer reviewed
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Limitations of a study The problems with the specific version of a study Small sample size Starting points of participants Already fit and working out? Age, sex, background of participants
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Unscientific methods Tenacity Intuition Authority Rationalization
Superstitions Dirty socks worn for a win – must always wear them Intuition Common sense World is flat, sun revolves around earth – no longer true Authority Accept or reject others ideas Rationalization One thing leads to another Basketball players are tall Tom is tall Tom is a basketball player Empirical method Using experience too much
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Scientific method Step 1:Developing the problem
Independent variable and dependent variable Step 2: Formulate a hypothesis Make a guess (expected result) Step 3: Gather the data Internal validity – did we control variables External validity – does it tell us something in general Step 4:Analyzing and interpreting results Evidence to support or reject hypothesis
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Types of Research Analytical Descriptive Experimental Qualitative
Mixed Methods
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Analytical In depth study and evaluation of available information
Historical Events have already occurred Philosophical Critical inquiry Reviews Review of existing studies Research synthesis Looking at large amounts of research and data
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Descriptive Research Describing results Questionnaire Interviews
Large amounts of people opinions Interviews Discuss with participant Normative Survey Large amounts of data Fitness tests
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Other descriptive research
Case study Single event or participant Job Analysis Describe a specific job Observational research Observing behaviors Developmental studies Maturation of child Correlational studies Relationship between variables Epidemiological research Frequencies and distibutions
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Experimental Research
Can manipulate the treatments to find cause and effect Control all other factors
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Qualitative Research Ethnography Naturalistic Interpretive Grounded
Phenomenological Subjective Participant observational
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Mixed Methods Both qualitative and quantitative parts
Combines them to some degree
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Overview of a thesis Introduction Methods Results
Problem is defined Might include literature review Methods Describe how data was gathered and analyzed Results Results are stated (not discussed) Discussion and Conclusion This is where results are discussed and future research discussed
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