1. Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Acids, Bases & Chemicals
Pima Medical Institute
Internal
Cell Anatomy
Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Acids, Bases & Chemicals
Internal Cell Anatomy
Pima Medical Institute Online Education

2. Cytoplasm Gel-like material in which organelles are suspended
Gel-like material in which organelles are suspended
Makes up most of a cell’s volume
Contains networks of membranes and organelles suspended in the clear liquid cytosol
Includes abundant protein rods and tubules that form a cytoskeleton
Place where nutrients are received, processed, and used
The cytoplasm is the gel-like material in which organelles are suspended—it makes up most of a cell’s volume. Through a light microscope, cytoplasm usually appears as a clear jelly with specks scattered throughout. Through an electron microscope, with its greater magnification, the cytoplasm contains networks of membranes and organelles suspended in the clear liquid cytosol. Cytoplasm also includes abundant protein rods and tubules that form a framework, or cytoskeleton, meaning “cell skeleton”.
Cell activities occur mainly in the cytoplasm where nutrients are received, processed, and used.

3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ER & Ribosomes
RIBOSOMES
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Protein
RNA
Are composed of protein and RNA molecules
The following organelles have specific functions in carrying out certain cellular activities
Provides a vast tubular network that transports molecules
Is the site of protein and lipid synthesis
May leave the cell as secretions or be used within the cell
Provide enzymatic activity and structural support to form proteins
Polysomes help a cell to manufacture proteins in large amounts
The following organelles have specific functions in carrying out certain cellular activities.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) provides a vast tubular network that transports molecules from one cell part to another. The ER is the site of protein and lipid synthesis. These molecules may leave the cell as secretions or be used within the cell for such functions as producing new ER or cell membrane as the cell grows. The ER’s outer membrane can be studded with many tiny, spherical structures called ribosomes, which give the ER a textured appearance when viewed with an electron microscope.
Ribosomes are composed of protein and RNA molecules. They provide enzymatic activity as well as a structural support on which amino acids are strung together to form proteins. Clusters of ribosomes in the cytoplasm, called polysomes, enable a cell to quickly manufacture proteins required in large amounts.
Ribosomes

4. Golgi Apparatus GOLGI APPARATUS
refines and packages the proteins synthesized by ribosomes
consists of a stack of about six flattened, membranous sacs whose membranes are continuous with the ER
The Golgi (gohl’-jee) apparatus consists of a stack of about six flattened, membranous sacs whose membranes are continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. This functions to refine and "package" the proteins synthesized by the ribosomes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum.
These membranous sacs continually receive vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and produce vesicles that enclose secretions.
A transmission electron micrograph of a Golgi apparatus (48,500x)
The sacs receive vesicles from the ER and produce vesicles that enclose secretions

5. Mitochondrion Cristae: Contain enzymes that control chemical reactions
Mitochondrion are elongated fluid-filled sacs
Mitochondrion are elongated fluid-filled sacs. The membrane surrounding a mitochondrion has an inner and outer layer. The inner layer is folded extensively to form partitions called cristae.
In the cristae, are enzymes that control some of the chemical reactions by which energy is released from organic substances. The cristae function in transforming this energy into a chemical form that is usable by various cell parts. Mitochondria are the major sites of chemical reactions that capture and store this energy within the chemical bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a chemical form that the cell can easily use.
A transmission electron micrograph of a mitochondrion (28,000x)
Cristae:
Contain enzymes that control chemical reactions
Function in transforming energy into a form that cell parts can use
Mitochondria:
Are major sites of chemical reactions that capture and store this energy

6. Lysosome & Peroxisomes
Lysome
LYSOSOME
Are sacs that contain powerful enzymes that break down nutrients or foreign particles
Help destroy worn cellular parts or substances that enter cells
PEROXISOMES
Lysosome are tiny, membranous sacs that contain powerful enzymes that are capable of breaking down molecules of nutrients or foreign particles that enter cells. Also, lysosomes digest worn cellular parts or substances that enter cells.
Peroxisomes are the membranous sacs that are abundant in liver and kidney cells. They house enzymes that catalyze (or speed up) a variety of biochemical reactions, including synthesis of bile acid (used to digest fats); detoxify alcohol and hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of metabolism; and breakdown certain lipids and rare biochemicals.
Are sacs that are abundant in the liver and kidney cells
House enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions
Synthesis of bile acid
Detoxify alcohol and hydrogen peroxide
Break down certain lipids and rate biochemicals

7. Microfilaments & Microtubules
A cell’s shape is critical to its function
Microfilaments and microtubules help maintain the shape of a cell by forming a cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm. A cell’s shape is critical to its function.
Microfilaments are tiny rods of protein arranged in meshworks or bundles that function to cause various kinds of cellular motility (movement). In the muscle cells, for example, microfilaments aggregate (mass in a dense cluster) to form myofibrils, which help these cells contract.
Microtubules are long, slender tubes that have a diameter two or three times greater than microfilaments. Microtubules are composed of molecules of a globular protein called tubulin, attached in a spiral to form a long tube.
MICROFILAMENTS
MICROTUBULES
Microfilaments (built of actin) and microtubules (built of tubulin)
help maintain the shape of a cell by forming
a cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm
Cause various kinds of cellular motility
Form myofibrils to help cells contract
Have a diameter 2 or 3 times greater than microfilaments
Composed of tubulin attached in a spiral

8. Two centrioles distribute chromosomes to new cells
Centrosome & Vesicles
CENTROSOME
VESICLES
Located near the Golgi apparatus and nucleus
Two centrioles distribute chromosomes to new cells
during mitosis
Created when the cell membrane folds and pinches off
Is a bubble containing liquid or solid material formerly outside the cell
The Golgi apparatus and ER also form vesicles
The centrosome is located in the cytoplasm near the Golgi apparatus and nucleus. It is nonmembranous and consists of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in cell reproduction by distributing chromosomes to new cells during cell division (mitosis).
Vesicles are membranous sacs formed by part of the cell membrane folding inward and pinching off. As a result, a tiny, bubble-like vesicle, containing some liquid or solid material formerly outside the cell, appears in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum also form vesicles that play a role in secretion.
scienceblogs.com

9. Transmission electron micrograph of a nucleus (7,500x)
The nucleus houses the genetic material (DNA), which direct all cell activities
Nuclear envelope
consists of inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes
Nucleolus
is composed of RNA and protein; synthesizes ribosomes
Chromatin
is composed of DNA and protein; become chromosomes
Nuclear pores
are selectively permeable channels formed from 100+ proteins
When the cells divide, chromatin fibers coil tightly and become chromosomes
commons.wikimedia.org
The nucleus houses the genetic material (DNA), which direct all cell activities. It is a large, roughly spherical structure enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope, which consists of inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes. The nuclear envelope has protein-lined channels called nuclear pores that allow only certain molecules to exit the nucleus. A nuclear pore is not just a hole, but a complex opening formed from 100 or so types of proteins.
The nucleolus (“little nucleus”) is a small, dense body composed largely of RNA and protein. Ribosomes form in the nucleolus, and then migrate through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.
Chromatin consists of loosely coiled fibers composed of DNA molecules and protein that contain information for synthesizing proteins. These become chromosomes during cell division (mitosis). When the cell begins to divide, chromatin fibers coil tightly, and individual chromosomes become visible when stained and viewed under a light microscope.
Transmission electron micrograph of a nucleus (7,500x)

10. Do you want to see the parts of a typical animal cell?
End of presentation
INTERACTIVE TUTORIALS & VIDEOS
A Typical Animal Cell
Do you want to see the parts of a typical animal cell?
Yes!