1. Industrial Conditions

2. Working Conditions
The working class made up 80% of society & had little or no power with their employers
Skilled domestic workers could not compete with the efficiency of the machines
Many unskilled laborers were available and easily replaced
Factory owners were driven by making more profit

3. Low pay
Long hours
10-14 hours/day, 6 days/week
No paid vacation or holidays
Unsafe conditions
Not well lit & not sanitary
Machines regularly injured workers
No compensation for injuries
Harsh bosses & managers
Demanded fast paced production
Threatened loss of pay or job

4. Child Labor
As new technology replaced skilled workers in the factories, factory owners used more cheap & unskilled labor to decrease the cost of production & increase their profits
Child labor was the cheapest labor
Paid 1/10 of what men were paid
Children could squeeze into tight spaces to work on the machines
They were easily manipulated

5. Factories & Machines - Timelines.tv History of Britain A11

6. Living Conditions
The Industrial Revolution made factory owners and investors rich
But for the average worker and their families, life was difficult
Cities were crowded & unsanitary
No developmental plans for the cities
No building codes
No sanitation (no running water or indoor pluming)

7. Large houses would be turned into flats where one family would occupy each floor
The attic & cellar were also used for families

9. Toilets would be at the end of the street

10. Poverty
Many people could not afford the rents, poverty & homelessness was widespread
Children were included
Government set up “poorhouses”
They were workhouses for the poor
Deliberately harsh places to discourage people from staying there too long
They were treated like prison inmates
78,536 in 1838  197,179 in 1843

12. Urbanization
Urbanization: city building & the movement of people to cities
Move from rural communities  cities
Workers move closer to their jobs in the factories, or move to find work
Urbanization stimulated the booming new industries by concentrating workers and factories together

13. European cities grew
Cities become crowded, unsanitary, and polluted

15. Urban Slums - Timelines.tv
An Industrial City
Urban Slums - Timelines.tv

16. Regents MC Practice
During the Industrial Revolution, locating factories near concentrations of natural resources and transportation routes most directly promoted (1) Annexations and unequal treaties (2) Migration and urbanization (3) Legislative reforms and formation of unions (4) Communal fields and the domestic system

17. Public Health
Working-class neighborhoods were densely packed & poorly constructed
Houses were built touching each other, so there was little ventilation
People living in close range of one another easily spread diseases
Lacked sewage systems, resulting in drinking water sources being frequently contaminated with disease (Cholera, tuberculosis, typhus, typhoid)

18. Regents MC Practice
This 1852 drawing most likely would have been used to argue for improvements in (1) Workhouse rules (2) Factory conditions (3) Sanitation regulations (4) Suffrage laws

19. Life Expectancy
Poor nutrition, disease, lack of sanitation, and lack of proper medical knowledge, had a devastating effect of the average life expectancy
In 1841, life expectancy was 45 in rural areas, 37 in London, and 26 in Liverpool
High infant mortality rate – 25-33% of children in England died before their 5th birthday

20. Growth of Crime
The London “Metropolitan Police Force” was developed in 1829
In 1888, the police force was suffering from a severe shortage of manpower
There was a serial killer terrorizing London

21. Jack the Ripper
Slaughtered 5 or more prostitutes working in the East End of London, the working-class section of London
The case still remains unsolved
Not the first serial killer, but was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy
Newspapers highlighted the problems of poor sanitation, overcrowded slum housing & extreme poverty

22. Emerging Middle Class
Wealthy landowners, merchants, factory owners & entrepreneurs did not live in the same conditions as the poor factory workers
They lived in nice homes in the suburbs
The gap between rich and poor got larger

23. Social Classes
Although poverty was high among the working classes, the Industrial Revolution created enormous amounts of money for others to make
The people that benefited the most was a new social class – middle class
Middle Class: Social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers

24. Aristocracy: Middle Class: Working Class:
Wealthy landowning families
Middle Class:
Professionals, businesspeople, entrepreneurs
Working Class:
Labored in the mines, factories, and homes of aristocracy & middle class
The Victorians Sweet Home –
The World HD Documentary
0:00-3:00, 8:00-11:50, 35:25-38:26

25. Regents MC Practice
In Europe, which group benefited most from the industrialization of the 19th century? (1) rural farmers (2) middle class (3) factory workers (4) clergy