1. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 2

2. Atomic Structure Proton Neutron Electron Atomic Mass Electrical charge
Location
Neutron
Electron

3. Chemical Building Blocks
Atoms – fundamental units
Elements
Atoms differing in proton number
Isotopes
Element family with different neutron numbers
Molecules
Atoms joined by bonds
Compounds
Molecules with more than one elemental type

4. Atomic Properties Atomic Number Atomic / Molecular Weight Valence
Moles
Relationship to MW
Relationship to number of atoms or molecules present (6.02 x 1023)

5. Chemical Bonds — Ionic Loss or gain of electrons Anions Cations
Weak bonds

6. Chemical Bonds — Covalent
Shared electrons
Strong bonds
Common in organic molecules
Nonpolar between identical atoms

7. Chemical Bonds — Hydrogen
Exposed protons on H atoms
Shared with electronegative O or N atoms
Weak, numerous bonds
d.s. DNA
Protein folding
Enzyme/substate binding

8. Cellular Chemical Reactions
Catabolic (Decomposition)
Large molecules broken down
Energy is released
AB A + B
Anabolic (Synthesis)
Small molecules joined by covalent bonds
Energy is required
A + B AB

9. Properties of Water 80% of any cell Polarity allows Ion formation
Surface tension
Low ice density (Insulation)
High Boiling point (specific Heat)
Acid/base properties

10. Important Biological Molecules
Solution/Colloids
Molecular dispersal differences
Acids/Bases
Acid = proton donor, eg HCl
Base = proton acceptor, OH-

11. Organic polymers - Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Glycosidic bond type
Examples
Roles of Carbohydrates
Structural
Energy

12. Covalently linked glucose molecules – a huge carbohydrate polymer

13. Organic Molecules — Lipids
Triglycerides
Hydrogen rich, large amounts of energy
Polymers of glycerol, fatty acids
Phospholipids
Plasma membrane components
Sterols

14. Fatty Acid Structure

15. Organic Molecules — Proteins
Monomers – Amino Acids
Polymers – Peptides / proteins

16. Protein Folding Primary – Linear arrangement
Secondary = Alpha helix, Beta sheet
Tertiary – 3-D folding

17. Protein Structure
Quaternary
Covalent linkages
Examples

18. Organic Molecules — Nucleic Acids
DNA versus RNA
Monomers – Nucleotides
Organic Base
Sugar
Phosphate group (s)
Functions
Cofactors
NAD, FAD, NADP
Energy currency
ATP, GTP

19. Nucleotide Structure

20. Nucleic Acid Polymers
Functions:
DNA
RNA