1. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
PowerPoint Presentations for
Seventh Edition
Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann
Prepared by
Beth M. Schwartz
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2. Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science
Chapter 1
Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

3. Claim: If kids eat large amounts of sugar, they become hyperactive.
Problem: How would you test the claim that sugar makes children hyperactive?
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4. What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not?
Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties—but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes.
Key Question 1.1: What is psychology and what is it not?
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5. What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not?
Psychology is not:
All about mental disorders and therapy
Focused solely on diagnosing and treating mental problems
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6. What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not?
Comes from psyche (Greek for “mind”) and -ology (meaning “a field of study”)
Literally means “the study of the mind”
Covers both internal mental processes and external, observable behaviors
Based on objective, verifiable, scientific evidence
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7. Figure 1.1 Work Settings of Psychologists Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey, APA Center for Workforce Studies. March 2011
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8. Three Ways of Doing Psychology
Main Categories:
Experimental psychologists
Teachers of psychology
Applied psychologists
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9. Applied Psychological Specialties
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to tackle human problems
I/O
Sports
School
Clinical/Counseling
Forensic
Environmental
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10. Psychology Is Not Psychiatry
Medical specialty
Holds an MD (Doctor of Medicine)
Training in treatment of mental and behavioral problems
Licensed to prescribe medicines
Psychology:
Broad field of study
Holds a Ph.D (Doctor of Philosophy)
Training emphasizes research methods
Advanced study in specialization
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Pseudo-Psychology
Erroneous assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology
Horoscopes
Handwriting analysis
Fortune telling
Subliminal messages
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12. Critical Thinking Skills: Six Questions to Ask
What is the source?
Is the claim reasonable or extreme?
What is the evidence?
Could bias contaminate the conclusion?
Does the reasoning avoid common fallacies?
Does the issue require multiple perspectives?
Critical thinking skills
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13. What Are Psychology’s Six Main Perspectives?
Six main viewpoints dominate
modern psychology: biological, cognitive, behavioral, whole-person, developmental, and sociocultural perspectives. Each perspective grew out of radical new concepts about mind and behavior.
Key Question 1.2: What are psychology’s six main perspectives?
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14. Six Modern Perspectives of Psychology
Biological
Cognitive
Behavioral
Whole-Person
Six main perspectives of psychology
Developmental
Sociocultural
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15. Perspective What Determines Behavior?
The brain, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and genes
Biological
Cognitive
Behavioral
Fields of Study:
Neuroscience Evolutionary Psychology
Whole-Person
Developmental
Sources:
Rene Descartes
Sociocultural
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16. Perspective View of Human Nature:
We are information-processing systems.
Biological
Cognitive
What Determines Behavior?
A person’s unique pattern of perceptions, interpretations, expectations, beliefs, and memories
Behavioral
Whole-Person
Developmental
Sources:
Wilhelm Wundt William James
Sociocultural
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17. Perspective View of Human Nature: Biological Cognitive
We respond to surroundings according to principles of behavioral learning.
Biological
Cognitive
What Determines Behavior?
The stimuli in our environment, and the previous consequences of our behaviors
Behavioral
Whole-Person
Developmental
Sources:
John B. Watson B. F. Skinner
Sociocultural
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18. Perspective What Determines Behavior? Biological Cognitive Behavioral
Psychodynamic: processes in our unconscious minds Source: Sigmund Freud
Humanistic: our innate needs to grow and to fulfill our best possible potential Sources: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
Trait and temperament: unique personality characteristics that are consistent over time and across situations
Source: Ancient Greeks
Biological
Cognitive
Behavioral
Whole-Person
Developmental
Sociocultural
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19. Perspective Biological What Determines Behavior?
The Interaction of heredity and environment, which unfolds in predictable patterns throughout the lifespan
Cognitive
Behavioral
Whole-Person
Sources:
Mary Ainsworth Jean Piaget
Developmental
Sociocultural
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20. Perspective Biological What Determines Behavior?
The power of the situation: social and cultural influences can overpower the influence of all other determining factors.
Cognitive
Behavioral
Field of Study:
Cross-cultural psychology
Whole-Person
Developmental
Sources:
Stanley Milgram
Philip Zimbardo
Sociocultural
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21. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Summary of psychology’s six main perspectives
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22. Table 1.2 A Sampling of Women’s Contributions to Psychology
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23. How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge?
Psychologists, like all other scientists, use the scientific method to test their ideas empirically.
Key Question 1.3: How do psychologists develop new knowledge?
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24. How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge?
Scientific Method A four-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgments
Empirical Investigation An approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data
How do psychologists develop new knowledge?
Theory A testable explanation for a set of facts or observations
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25. The Four Steps of the Scientific Method
Developing a hypothesis
Gathering objective data
Analyzing the results
How do psychologists develop new knowledge?
Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results
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26. The Four Steps of the Scientific Method
Hypothesis
A statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study; the relationship among variables
Developing a hypothesis
Gathering objective data
Operational Definitions
Exact procedures used in establishing experimental conditions and measurement of results
Analyzing the results
How do psychologists develop new knowledge?
Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results
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27. The Four Steps of the Scientific Method
Developing a hypothesis
Data
Pieces of information gathered by a researcher to be used to test a hypothesis
Gathering objective data
Analyzing the results
How do psychologists develop new knowledge?
Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results
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28. The Four Steps of the Scientific Method
Developing a hypothesis
Gathering objective data
Based on statistical analyses of results, the hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
Analyzing the results
How do psychologists develop new knowledge?
Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results
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29. The Four Steps of the Scientific Method
Developing a hypothesis
The completed study is presented to the scientific community.
Gathering objective data
Replicate
Redoing an experiment to see if you get the same results
Analyzing the results
How do psychologists develop new knowledge?
Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results
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30. Figure 1.5 Four Steps in the Scientific Method
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31. Questions Science Cannot Answer
The scientific method is not appropriate for answering questions that cannot be put to an objective, empirical test.
Ethics
Morality
Preferences
Aesthetics
Existential issues
Religion
Law
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32. Five Types of Psychological Research
Experiments
Correlational Studies
Surveys
How do psychologists develop new knowledge?
Naturalistic Observations
Case Studies
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33. Types of Psychological Research
Experiments The researcher controls all conditions and directly manipulates the conditions.
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Experimental Group
Control Group
Random Assignment
Types of psychological research
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34. Types of Psychological Research
Positive Correlations
Negative Correlations
Zero Correlations
Correlational Study The relationship between variables is studied, but without experimental manipulation of an independent variable; cause-and-effect relationships cannot be determined.
Types of psychological research
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35. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Types of Correlations
Figure 1.6
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36. Types of Psychological Research
Political Pollsters
Marketing Consultants
Surveys A technique used in descriptive research; typically involves seeking people’s responses to a prepared set of verbal or written items
Types of psychological research
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37. Types of Psychological Research
Childrearing Practices
Shopping Habits
Animal Behavior
Naturalistic Observations A form of descriptive research involving behavior assessment of people or animals in their natural surroundings
Types of psychological research
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38. Types of Psychological Research
Case Studies Research involving a single individual (or, at most, a few individuals)
Small Sample Size
Lack of Control
Limited Generalizability
Types of psychological research
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39. Biases in Psychological Research
Expectancy Bias
The researcher allows his or her expectations to affect the outcome of a study
Blind control
Controlling Bias:
Placebo: a sham “drug” or fake treatment
Double-blind control: both participants and researchers are unaware of group assignment
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40. Ethical Issues in Psychological Research
American Psychological Association (APA)
Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct
Shields participants from potentially harmful procedures
Ensures confidentiality
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Examines all studies proposed
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41. Ethical Issues in Psychological Research
Informed Consent
Participants must be informed of all procedures, and any potential dangers, so they may opt out they so desire.
Deception
Allowable if no substantial risks are likely
Animal Studies
Specific guidelines need to be followed.
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