1. PSYC 200 Week #4 APA References (cont’d), Basic Research Methods, &
The Main Parts of a Manuscript

2. Agenda Roll call Collect and discuss graded assignments
Finishing up references
Some quick and dirty grammar
Basic research methods
Manuscript components (Part 1)

3. Assignments Recap Reading assignment Single article summary assignment
Gram ch 3 – 8
APA ch 3, 7
Single article summary assignment
Was due last week or later, depending on your situation.
Stragglers?
Essay #1 Graded

4. Essay #1 – Common Issues Missing title on body
You must put the title, centered, on the 1st page of the body.
Pronoun issues (will discuss later)
Non-descriptive title
Running head: NEEDS TO LOOK RIGHT
Extra space between paragraphs

9. Citations and references closure
Last class, we had to rush over the following slides. I want to take a few extra minutes and discuss these issues.
Citations and references closure

10. Six or More Authors First use: Subsequent use:
Jones et al. (2003) examined....
...are more likely to see a difference (Jones et al., 2003)
Subsequent use:
Jones et al. found
...greater understanding (Jones et al., 2006)
First use in a new paragraph:
Jones et al. (2003)

11. Different Sources That Could Be Confused When Shortened
Jones, Jackson, Martin, Howard, and Simms (1999)  Jones et al. (1999)
Jones, Madison, Howard, and Brown (1999)  Jones et al. (1999)
Jones, Jackson, et al. (1999)
Jones, Madison, et al. (1999)

12. More Than One Source
... interactions between youth and their parents (De Kemp, Scholte, Overbeck, & Engles, 2006; Mount & Steinberg, 1995; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2001; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2004).
The order of authors in parenthetical citations is alphabetical (identical to the reference page).

13. Secondary Sources
Citing a document implies that you HAVE READ the original work (APA, 2010)
Did you actually read the original reference?
Smith (1978) originally found that...is more likely (as cited in James & Andrews, 2001)
Don’t include Smith’s article on your reference page.

14. Quotations
When quoting from a source, “if the quotation comprises fewer than 40, incorporate it into text and enclose with double quotation marks” (APA, 2010, p. 170).
Quotes in the middle of a sentence have (p. #) directly after the quote

15. Quotations Quotes with 40 or more words appear as an indented block.
The citation information follows the punctuation of the quote.

16. Other Citation Hints Articles don’t say anything—authors do.
Don’t say, The article found that…
Do say, Jones (2010) found
Don’t overload your reader with citations. You should only be presenting ideas that are relevant to your topic.
Practice…

17. Practice 1 Authors: Year: 1998
Seth D. Gosling
Orlando P. John
Kendra H. Craik
Robin Wright Robins
Year: 1998
Situation: 1st parenthetical citation in paper
(Gosling, John, Craik, & Robins, 1998)

18. Practice 1a Authors: Year: 1998
Seth D. Gosling
Orlando P. John
Kendra H. Craik
Robin Wright Robins
Year: 1998
Situation: 1st parenthetical citation in new paragraph (already cited in paper)
(Gosling et al., 1998)

19. Practice 1b Authors: Year: 1998
Seth D. Gosling
Orlando P. John
Kendra H. Craik
Robin Wright Robins
Year: 1998
Situation: 2nd citation in paragraph, in-text
Gosling et al. found…

20. Practice 2 Authors: Year: 1998
Seth D. Gosling
Orlando P. John
Year: 1998
Situation: 2nd citation in paragraph, in-text
Gosling and John found…

21. Formatting reference entries
Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate,
Formatting reference entries

22. Reference Page Format Rules
Put the word References centered at top of new page
Start references next
Each new reference is a new, hanging indent paragraph.
Place references in alphabetical order
Each citation must have reference and vice versa
This is an example of a hanging indent paragraph. In Word, go to Paragraph, Special Indent, and select Hanging.

23. Components of a Reference
Author’s or authors’ name(s)
Year of publication
Article or Chapter Title
Journal or Book Title
Volume Number
Issue Number
Location of Publication
City, State or City, Country outside of US
DOI or web address or database name
Publisher Information

24. Journal Article Author, A. A. (YEAR). Title of the journal article.
Last name and initials.
In parentheses, end with pd.
Sentence caps, end in pd.
Author, A. A.
(YEAR).
Title of the journal article.
Title of The Journal, xx(#), pp-pp.
If retrieved electronically
doi:xxx.xxxxx.xx/xxx or
URL of journal home page
Retrieved from
Retrieved from Name of database
Title caps, italicized
Italicized
In parentheses
Start pg., hyphen, end pg., period

25. Journal Article Exercise
Author: Tegan Best
Published in 2010
Title of article: Effects of Name Referents on Childhood Experiences.
Title of journal: Journal of Alderian Psychopathology, volume 6, issue 7, pages 22 to 33
Identifier: /
Best, T. (2010). Effects of name referents on childhood experiences. Journal of Adlerian Psychopathology, 6(7), doi:10.11….

26. An Entire Book Author, A. A. (YEAR). Title of the book.
City, State or Country (outside of US): Publisher.

27. A Chapter in a Book Author, A. A. (YEAR). Title of the chapter.
In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.),
Title of the book (pp. xx-xx).
City, State: Publisher.

28. Technical or Research Report
Author, A. A.
(YEAR).
Title of report (Report No. XXXX).
City, State: Publisher or
Retrieved from Agency Site:

29. apa language style guidelines
Headings
Language Guide
apa language style guidelines

30. Headings – The APA Way

31. Using Headings Headings are used to create sections
Improves sense of organization
Improves accessibility of information
Simple transition between major parts of paper
Heading styles are codified 

32. Centered Title Caps (b)
APA Headings (APA p )
Centered Title Caps (b)
Left Title Caps (b)
Indented sentence caps ending w/ pd. (b)
Indented sentence caps ending w/ pd. (b,i)
Indented, sentence caps ending w/ pd. (i)

33. Quick APA Language Guide
Word choice and usage – the right word in the right place
Removing bias
Grammar / Punctuation
Agenda slide, showing organization of APA rules (in my conceptualization)

34. Common phrases Avoid these!! Replace with:
Feel, believe, think, prove, stated, wrote, said
Replace with:
Hypothesize, conjecture, reason, support, found, suggested
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

35. Avoid Wordiness Clear & Concise Write like a poet
Make every word count
Avoid unnecessary transitions
Say what you want to using one word instead of two
Say it with one word rather than two
Say it with one word, not two
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

36. Informalities and Slang
No contractions—ever!
No colloquialisms
Sky-high, bright idea, and the like
others?
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

37. Using Conjunctions Correctly
Since vs. Because
Andrew has been excited about going to the zoo since last Thursday.
The dog salivated because Pavlov rang the bell.
While vs. Although
Although I enjoy watching baseball on television, I would rather be at the stadium.
While Jack cleaned the garage, Mary dusted the living room.
Or vs. Nor
The girl was allowed to have either a piece of candy or a sticker.
Neither the doctor nor the nurse could find the patient’s chart.
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

38. Referring to People Do not use “You” to refer to the reader.
Do not use “We” to refer to general groups or society.
Use “One”
If one chooses to engage in criminal activity, then one must be ready to accept the consequences.
One should not equate correlation with causation.
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

39. Me, myself, and I Can you use first person?
YES!!
Use the appropriate first person pronoun when referring to yourself or the author(s) of your paper.
Consider using passive voice
I gave the survey to 70 participants
Seventy participants received the survey
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

40. They All Sound the Same... They’re, There, and Their To, Too, and Two
They’re going to the store this afternoon. (contraction = they are)
I just returned from Dublin, have you ever been there? (place, direction)
Their house is white with blue shutters. (possession)
To, Too, and Two
Kent is moving to Massachusetts.
I want to go too.
He is taking his two dogs with him.
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

41. They all sound the same... It’s and Its Whether and Weather
It’s Jake’s birthday today. (It is)
Its hair was matted and mangled. (possession)
Whether and Weather
It does not matter whether or not Mandy stays for dinner.
The weather is supposed to be cold and damp.
Then and Than
Men are more likely than women to watch UFC.
The students were instructed to clear their desks then begin the examination.
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

42. Often Forgotten..... Who vs. Whom Who vs. That Affect vs. Effect
Who is the person with the white lab coat?
With whom did you leave the key?
Who vs. That
Individuals who study, often find exams to be easy.
Companies that give employees better benefits have higher productivity.
The vase that broke is in the cardboard box.
Times when..., Places where...
Affect vs. Effect
Psychology students often learn about the Hawthorne effect.
Amy wants study how energy-drinks affect performance and cognitive ability.
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

43. Anthropomorphizing
Do not give human traits or abilities to inanimate or non-human objects/creatures.
Do not write
The article shows...
Instead try...Deci and Ryan indicate
The research explains...
Instead...Pavlov explains
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage

44. Removing Bias
One must be conscientious of how individuals and groups are identified.
Do not over generalize
Gender bias
Racial/Ethnicity bias
Mental health or disability status
Age
Quick APA Language Guide - Bias

45. Sexist Language
When referring to an object that could be either male or female (e.g., a participant, a client, etc.) you MUST not exclude a gender.
For example, “When a therapist begins a session, she introduces herself first.”
Try,
“…the therapist introduces his or herself…”
“…self-introductions come first…”
Or: Make it plural  “When therapists begin sessions, they introduce themselves first.”
Quick APA Language Guide - Bias

46. Irregular Plurals Singular Plural Data Phenomena Hypothesis Hypotheses
Phenomenon
Datum
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

47. Irregular Plurals Singular Form Child Mouse Foot Offspring Formula
Datum
Stimulus
Index
Hypothesis
Criterion
Plural Form
Children
Mice
Feet
Offspring
Formulae
Data
Stimuli
Indices
Hypotheses
Criteria
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

48. Abbreviations That is… And so on… For example…
Study for your class; that is, if you don’t want to fail.
Study for your class (i.e., if you don’t want to fail)
And so on…
Notes, books, pencils, etc.
For example…
For example, students in PSYC200.
…(e.g., students in PSYC200).
And other people (things) [used when have many authors]
…was found (Johns, et al., 2002).
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

49. Dirty Grammar They’re always there to hurt their grade
their, there, and they’re
Plural possessives
Individual, individuals, individual’s, and individuals’
Pronoun shifting
Someone cannot be a they
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

50. Parallel Construction
Each statement must be able to stand alone and still be grammatically correct.
The student is required to read 30 pages of text, write a report, and memorize a list of vocabulary words.
to read
to write
to memorize
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

51. Dirty Grammar Make ‘em parallel
My experience with psychology is mostly from attending classes, working with children, and to read books.
If you can’t pull it apart, then it ain’t parallel
..from attending classes
..from working with children
..from read books
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

52. Dirty Grammar – Comma use
I expect to gain much experience in this class, and hope to find out a direction for my career.
I expect to gain much experience in this class
hope to find out a direction for my career
I expect to gain much experience in this class, and I hope to find out a direction for my career.
I hope to find out a direction for my career
Mostly, whenever possible, use, or otherwise utilize, a comma on introductory phrases
At that time, I wanted to be a counselor
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar

53. Resources for help The ARC – writing center Your peers Your texts
(410)
Your peers
Your texts
Quick APA Language Guide

54. ONLY DO scavenger hunt if you have 30 minutes to dedicate.
APA Scavenger hunt

55. Intro to Research Methods

56. Research Methods
There are 6 basic categories of scientific method that virtually all research falls into
Research
Non-Experimental
Experimental
Naturalistic Observation
Quasi-Experimental
Field Study
Experimental
Survey
Relational Research

57. Research Methods – Naturalistic Observation
Addresses most basic scientific question: “What is out there?”
Requires operational definition of events to be observed
Observer must be unobtrusive, and design must be nonreactive

58. Research Methods – Field-Based Research
Like naturalistic observation, conducted in real-world settings
Goal is to establish natural relations among events
Observer must be unobtrusive, but methods are intentionally reactive

59. Research Methods – Survey Research
Appropriate to the study of private behaviors
Two primary styles:
Interviews (structured/unstructured)
Questionnaires (structured/unstructured)

60. Research Methods – Relational (Correlational) Research
Goal to verify systematic (usually linear) relations among events
Strengths/directions of relations
generally expressed in form of correlation coefficient (rxy)

61. Research Methods – True Experiment
Goal: to establish a cause-effect relationship among events
Does low-fat diet cause decrease in cancer risk?
Does exposure to violent video games cause increase in violent behaviors?
Does spaced study cause increase in memory accuracy and retention?
Do genetic variations cause sexual preference?

62. Research Methods – True Experiment
Requires:
random assignment of participants to at least two equivalent conditions
manipulation of one factor (independent variable, or IV) in one condition (experimental), leaving it unchanged in other condition (control)
measurement of one other factor in both conditions (factor called dependent variable, or DV; measurement instrument called dependent measure, or DM)

63. Research Methods – True Experiment
Concludes:
if groups are NOT equivalent with respect to DV, and
if the difference between the groups is so big it probably did not happen by chance, then
manipulation of the IV caused the difference in the DV

64. Research Methods – Quasi-Experiment
Goal also to establish cause-effect relations among events
Required when random assignment is not possible, because
must use pre-existing groups, or
IV impossible to manipulate directly, or
IV unethical/illegal to manipulate directly

65. Research Methods Review
Name 6 categories of scientific research

66. The parts of an APA manuscript
Title Page
Abstract
Body
Literature review
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Tables
Figures
Appendices

67. Review
General guidelines
Title page
Abstract

68. Body Purpose: Formatting: Content:
The “meat” of your article. You want to share your experiences, knowledge, opinions with the world.
Formatting:
Title centered at top of first page
Double space, indent, and begin your text
Content:
Discuss all necessary aspects of your topic
{see next slide}

69. Body – Experimental / Research Paper
Introduction
Purpose:
Identify previous work in the field relating to your topic / study
Formatting:
NO heading (e.g., “Introduction”) to start
May use headings to separate sections

70. Body – Experimental / Research Paper
Introduction (cont’d)
Content
Lit review
Cite previous scientific work related to your article
Logical (usually not chronological) order
Purpose of study
What are you trying to accomplish / investigate?

71. Body – Experimental / Research Paper
Introduction (cont’d)
Content (cont’d)
Theoretical issues
How does your article impact the field?
How has previous work in the field influenced your article?
Definitions of variables
What do you mean by, “depression” or “efficient time use”?
Statement of hypotheses
What do you expect to find, given the previous work in the field and your own personal twist?

72. Body – Literature Review Paper
Introduction
Content
Theoretical issues
What previous work has been done in this topic?
Is there any controversy / disagreement about this topic?
What are the opposing view points?
Definitions of variables
What do you mean by, “depression” or “efficient time use”?

73. Body – Experimental / Research Paper
Other Components of the Body
Method Section
Results Section
Discussion Section
{to be continued…}

74. Review and Next Steps Review Next week assignments
Gram reading (ch 9) and assigments #1-3 in the book
APA ch 4
APA Style Practice Test #1
Editorial style (the minutiae)