1. Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels
Carbon dioxide levels are rising
Seasonal fluctuations due to plants
Long term trend due to clearing of land and consumption of fossil fuels

2. Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Production
United states produces more CO2 per capita than almost any other country
And it is currently rising
We are doing almost nothing to curb emissions
Many countries have lower CO2 production but higher standards of living

3. Trends in Greenhouse Gasses
Developing nations rapidly increasing
China is now number one

4. Carbon Dioxide and Temperature
High CO2 levels apparently correspond to hot periods

5. Temperatures Are Rising

6. The Moon How We Know What We Know The Outside The Inside Telescopes
Numerous Robotic Missions
Apollo
Moon Rocks
The Inside
Mass/gravity
Mini moonquakes
Tiny magnetic field

7. Current and Future Lunar Missions
Reconnaissance
Orbiter
Chandrayaan-2
Chang’e 4
Artemis
Beresheet

8. Chang’e 4 Image

9. Apollo Manned Missions

10. Apollo Manned Missions

11. Lunar Samples – from Apollo

12. Moon – Basic Facts Q. 32: Temperature of Moon vs. Earth
¼ the size of Earth
1/81 the mass of Earth
Lower density
No atmosphere
Rotates once per month
Q. 32: Temperature of Moon vs. Earth

13. Moon – Temperature Moon has no atmosphere
Heat isn’t transported from hot to cold areas
Heat isn’t stored in atmosphere
Two weeks of “day” followed by two weeks of “night”
Temperatures are much more extreme
100 K to 390 K at the equator
As low as 35 K in the bottoms of craters at poles
The moon has no weather, with no atmosphere

14. Craters

15. Craters

16. Full Lunar Map
Most of it heavily cratered
Dark regions less cratered

17. Moon: Terrain Types Maria Dark Dense Rocks Few Craters
3 – 4 billion years old
Highlands
Brighter
Lighter Rocks
More Craters
4 – 4.5 billion years old

18. Highland vs. Maria

19. Geologicic Activity? Ancient collapsed lava tube?
Apparently currently geologically dead
Moon smaller, cooled faster
Probably almost all frozen

20. History of the Moon Formed 4.5 Gyr ago Heavy bombardment
Dark magma fills largest craters
Ongoing bombardment but slower

21. Moon - Composition Crust – light rocks Not uniform in thickness
No one knows why
Mantle – heavy rocks
By far the bulk
Core –metal
Very small
Overall – similar to Earth
But very little metals

22. Moon – Giant Impact Theory
Large body slammed into early Earth
Moon formed from outer layers of Earth
Same composition, no metals

23. Ice on the Moon! Clementine Spacecraft LCROSS Aitiken Crater
Permanently shadowed craters near poles
Ice could be used for survival on a moon base
Chang’e-6 spacecraft will bring back samples
Aitiken Crater

24. Mercury
Images
True color

25. How We Know What We Know Mariner 10 Three flybys, 1974-1975 MESSENGER
In orbit until April 30, 2015

26. Mercury – Basic Facts Moon Mercury Q. 34: Temperature of Mercury
Size – 1.4  Moon radius
smallest planet
Mass – 4  Moon
Much higher density!
Orbit:
0.467 AU, rather elliptical
Mercury year = 88 Earth Days
Rotation:
Once every 59 Earth Days
1 Mercury day = 2 Mercury years!
Atmosphere – effectively none
Moon
Mercury
Q. 34: Temperature of Mercury

27. Mercury – Atmosphere and Temperature
Slow rotation + no atmosphere = extreme temperatures
Varies from 80 K to 700 K
Most extreme temperatures in solar system
Atmosphere
Close to Sun causes some parts to be high temperature
Smallest mass means least gravity
High temperature + low gravity  no atmosphere

28. Mercury – Composition Second highest density, behind Earth
Earth’s large gravity compresses our dense core
Magnetic field – weak but present
Mercury must have large metal core
Smaller size – it probably cooled faster than Earth
But core is probably molten
Probably due to tidal heating from Sun
Why such a large core?
Best guess – collision removed mantle early in history

29. Mercury – Surface Features
All of Mercury’s surface has been mapped

30. Mercury – Surface Features
Heavily Cratered Surface
But not as heavily as the Moon
Suggests something has subsequently erased craters
Flat plains between craters
Caloris Impact Basin
A giant crater, from early on
Chaotic Terrain
Antipodal to Caloris
Strong evidence for volcanism
Probably now geologically dead
Scarps – Cliffs several km tall