1. Overview of Lecture Prejudice Negative Contact Discrimination
Stereotypes

2. Associating members of certain groups with certain characteristics
What are stereotypes
Associating members of certain groups with certain characteristics
E.g., Perceived to be alike; have similar (negative) traits

3. Stereotypes
Causes of
How to reduce them

4. Why Stereotypes Form
Negative historical relations between groups
Inequalities in societal roles
Socialization experiences
Media portrayals
Stereotypes

5. Negative historical relations between groups
Why Stereotypes Form
Negative historical relations between groups
e.g., slavery, indentured labor
Inequalities in societal roles
e.g., more women in low-paying jobs, earning less
Stereotypes

6. Socialization experiences
Why Stereotypes Form
Socialization experiences
e.g., parents, teachers, peers
Media portrayals
E.g., African Canadians as “gangsta rappers”, Caribbean Canadians as “ganja” smokers
Stereotypes

7. Negative historical relations between groups
Why Stereotypes Form
Negative historical relations between groups
Inequalities in societal roles
Socialization experiences
Media portrayals
Stereotypes
Causes similar to explaining negative contact

8. Why Stereotypes Persist
Activated automatically
Reinforced via social norms
Information that confirms beliefs is easily recalled
Trait-based explanations for behavior
Sub-grouping exceptions
Create expectations for interaction
Enable in-group members to feel “different” from out-group members

9. Why Stereotypes Persist
Activated automatically
E.g., from observable characteristics
Reinforced via social norms
E.g., it is ok to derogate gays nowadays
Stereotypes

10. Why Stereotypes Persist
Information that confirms beliefs is easily recalled
E.g., times you saw women driving badly vs. times you saw women driving well
Stereotypes

11. Why Stereotypes Persist
Provide trait-based reasons to explain why people behave the way they do
E.g., Women get into more accidents because they are bad drivers
Sub-grouping exceptions of out-group
E.g., successful Black
Stereotypes

12. Why Stereotypes Persist
Create expectations for interaction
E.g., Blacks are violent, so this Black man is going to be hostile so I better be prepared
Stereotypes

13. Why Stereotypes Persist
Enable in-group members to feel “different” from out-group members
E.g., Women are bad drivers, Men are good drivers, so they are different
Stereotypes

14. Stereotypes
Causes of
How to reduce them

15. How to reduce Stereotypes
1. Stereotypes activated automatically?
Counter automatic activation of stereotypes with guilt (self regulation)
Replace/modify negative associations with positive experiences & information
Reduce Stereotypes

16. How to reduce Stereotypes
2. Reinforced via social norms?
Change old social norms with new ones
Change motivation to comply w/norms
Reduce Stereotypes

17. Information confirming beliefs is easy to recall?
Counter recall tendencies with other needs
Make in-group dependent on out-group
e.g., learning to distinguish Chinese editors from each other bec. of supervisory relationship
Create need in in-group members for out-group members to like them
e.g., business case for selling products/services to women
Reduce Stereotypes

18. Trait-based explanations for behavior?
Change explanations
Increase focus on situation
E.g., Why are more Blacks in the criminal system?
Different out-group members display non-stereotypical traits in different settings
Teach statistics
Representativeness of sample outgroup member
Reduce Stereotypes

19. Trait-based explanations for behavior?
Change explanations
Reduce tendency to blame negative outcomes to out-group members by thinking about out-group in complex ways
E.g., teach about collectivism, power-distance
Reduce Stereotypes

20. Sub-grouping exceptions of out-group?
Increase knowledge of many individual out-group members to prevent sub-group creation
Differentiate out-group members from each other
E.g., cultural circles exercise enabled differentiation by providing contact with different members of the same ethnic group
Reduce Stereotypes

21. Have expectations for interaction?
Counteract expectations
Out-group members behave in non-stereotypical ways that disconfirm stereotypes
e.g., Women’s driving records
Out-group members confident they do not have the expected trait
e.g., Women is confident of her driving skills
Reduce Stereotypes

22. Stereotypes enabling in-group to feel different from out-group?
Change ability of stereotypes to maintain differences
Create Super-ordinate Groups
Tendency to view out-group members as alike and negative is no longer functional
Emphasize Multiple Identities
Emphasize those categories which unite groups
Reduce Stereotypes

23. Notice inter-relationships
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes

24. Prejudice Stereotypes Negative Feelings Negative Thoughts
Negative Associations
Stereotypes
Positive Associations

25. Prejudice Stereotypes Recalling stereotype inconsistent information
Create Super-ordinate groups
Emphasize Multiple Identities
Changing explanations
Prejudice
Negative
Feelings
Negative
Thoughts
Negative
Associations
Positive
Associations
Stereotypes

26. Processes underlying Valuing Diversity
Training
Self-insights into own biases increased motivation to regulate discriminatory behavior
Provide experience or information that contradicts stereotypes

27. Processes underlying Valuing Diversity
Training
Change knowledge of and understanding about different groups
Provide historical information about groups
Info on group differences in values, behaviors, norms, beliefs

28. Processes underlying Valuing Diversity Difficulties with Training
Adult attitudes hard to modify bec
Lifelong exposure and experience with mass media’s stereotypes
May react with defensiveness and avoidance to info that creates change
May feel they are being attacked or blamed during training

29. Activated automatically Reinforced via social norms
Causes of
How to reduce them
Counter activation or replace w/positive associations
Change social norms
Counter recall tendencies with interdependence
Change explanations with a more complex understanding
Increase knowledge of more & varied members
Members act in counter stereotypical ways
Change ability for stereotypes to enable feeling of difference
Activated automatically
Reinforced via social norms
Information that confirms beliefs is easily recalled
Trait-based explanations for behavior
Sub-grouping exceptions
Provide expectations for interaction
Enable in-group members to feel “different” from out-group members