1. Optics
Investigate the properties and behaviors of mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
Explore and explain the nature of sound and light energy.

2. Mirrors Ray Diagram Angle of incidence Angle of reflection
Shows how light changes direction and angles
Angle of incidence
The angle of the original light beam
Angle of reflection
The angle of light after it hits a medium
Law of Reflection
Angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence

3. Types of Mirrors Plane Convex Concave A flat reflecting surface
Produces a virtual image, a copy of an object
Convex
Outside of a curved mirror is reflective
Produces virtual images
Used to spread light out, like side view mirrors
Concave
Inside of a curved mirror is reflective
Can create real or virtual images
Used in car lights to focus beams

4. Real or Virtual? Real Images Virtual Images
Images formed in front of the lens
Light can pass through the lens
Can be project
Image a different size
Virtual Images
Image formed behind the lens
Images formed where light does not actually pass through
Cannot be projected
Image the same size

5. Lenses Index Refraction Concave Lenses Convex Lenses
The angle of light after it hits a new medium
Different materials have different IRs
Concave Lenses
Curved inward, thickest at edges
Light spreads out
Virtual image
Convex Lenses
Curved outward, thickest in middle
Light is focused to one point
Form virtual or real images

6. Total Internal Reflection
Fiber Optics
Made of glass
Light bounces down the tube
Can bend light in circles
Critical Angle
Angle at which light is reflected by 90°
Total Internal Reflection
All light is reflected back into the medium

7. Anatomy of the Eye Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Retina
Curved outer covering of the eye
Focuses light into the eye
Pupil
Opening that allows light in
Iris
Contracts and expands to control amount of light that enters
Lens
Convex lens
Focuses light on the back of the eye
Retina
Inner surface of the eye
Rods and Cones detect light and color

8. Vision Problems Nearsightedness Farsightedness Astigmatism
Eyeball too long
Image forms in front of retina
Concave lens
Farsightedness
Eyeball too short
Image forms behind retina
Convex lens
Astigmatism
Lens is not round
Image forms in multiple places
Colorblindness
Genetic trait
Cones not developed fully