1. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?

2. Link

3. What is the ONLY country that the UN has found where its men are treated as well as its men?
No country in the world

4. Development and Gender
Gender-related development index (GDI)
Economic indicator of gender differences
Social “ “
Demographic “ “
Gender empowerment measure (GEM)
Economic indicators of empowerment
Political “ “

5. GDI Very similar to HDI (same indicators)
Penalizes countries with large differences between well-being of men & women
Complete gender equality 1.0 (non existent)
Highest & lowest countries similar to HDI
GDI

6. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Fig. 9-10: The GDI combines four measures of development, reduced by the degree of disparity between males and females.

7. Afghanistan

8. average income of women is lower than men in every country (MDC & LDC)
Income gap of more than $15,000 common in MDCs (better in Australia & Sweden)
LDCs; relatively low in $ terms but high on a % basis
Economic Indicators:

9. Female–Male Income Differences
Fig. 9-11: Women’s income is lower than men’s in all countries, but the gender gap is especially high in parts of the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America.

10. Women less likely to attend school in LDCs (gap higher in 2ndary school)
99/100 in MDCs & 60/100 in LDCs (was 45/100 in 1970)
Africa & Middle East: fewer than 1/3 of girls attend school
Same findings with literacy rates in these regions
Social Indicators

11. Gender Differences in School Enrollment
Fig. 9-12: As many or more girls than boys are enrolled in school in more developed countries, but fewer girls than boys are enrolled in many LDCs.

12. Female Literacy Rates
Fig. 9-13a: Female literacy is lower than male literacy (Fig. 9-13b) in many LDCs, with significant gender gaps in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.

13. Male Literacy Rates
Fig. 9-13b: There is a gap in literacy rates between MDCs and LDCs as well as between men and women in many LDCs.

14. Demographic Indicators
Gender gap greater in MDCs
LDCs; hazards of child-bearing
Gap being reduced in every country
China & India – female specific infanticide or abortion resulting from preference for male offspring (devices available to detect)
By mid-90s, 121 males for every 100 females (China) = gender imbalance, similar situation in India
Demographic Indicators

15. Life Expectancy and Gender
Fig. 9-14: Women’s life expectancy is several years longer than men’s in MDCs, but only slightly longer in many LDCs.

16. Measures ability of women to hold positions of economic & political power (ability to make a difference)
Combines 2 indicators of economic power & 2 indicators of political power
Complete equality of power = 1.0 (highest in NA, NE, SP; lowest in SAsia & SSAfrica)
GEM

17. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Fig. 9-15: The GEM combines two measures of economic power and two of political power by women. (Little data are available for LDCs.)

18. Economic Indicators Ability of women to obtain prof. jobs
Cultural barriers
Highest % is in Northern Europe (more than ½ are women); LDCs, less than ¼ are women
Average income
Economic Indicators

19. % of admin. & managerial jobs held by women (decision making influence)
More than 1/3 women in NA, NE & SP
Only 10% in other MDCs
Less than 5% in most LDCs
% of women elected to office
More women than men vote in most places
No country has a national gov’t with majority women (highest in NE-1/3)
Every country has a lower GEM than GDI
Voting
Political Indicators

20. Women as Legislators
Fig 9-18: Over 20% of legislative seats are held by women in China, some European nations, and several LDCs. In many other LDCs, under 10% are held by women.

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