1. Agenda diēs Lunae, a.d. xv Kal. Oct. A.D. MMXVIII
HW Check: review wksht. 4
Review Worksheet 3: Participles, Abl. Abs., & Dative Uses
Review Worksheet 4: Infinitives & Indirect Statement
(Gerunds, Gerundives, & Supines)
Pensum:
take notes on gerunds, gerundives, supine (blog)
translate all example sentences throughout PPT
keep studying vocab. list 1
Latin Prose
Mr. Finnigan
Boston Latin School

2. Infinitives & Ind. Statement Exercises
Britannī certiōrēs factī sunt Caesarem Rōmānōsque ad litora pervenīre.
Signō datō, Caesar intellexit proelium difficillimum futurum esse.
Romā incensā, Nerō sperābat sē novam urbem in suō nomine conditūrum esse.
Catilīna, proficiscēns cum exercitū Etruriam, Manlium vastāre finēs sociōrum Rōmānōrum iussit.
Vercingetorix, omnīs rebus comparātis ad impetum faciendum, suās copiās egredī ex Alesiā coēgit.

3. Infinitives & Ind. Statement Exercises
Cicerō Catilīnae dīxit necesse esse eī morī.
Graecī Troiam oppugnāre magnā cum vī cōnstituērunt.
“Tantae molis erat Rōmanam condere gentem!”
Catilīna, cupiditāte rērum nōvārum adductus, interficere cōnsulem suōsque cīvēs conābātur.
“Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvābit.”

4. Gerunds

5. Gerunds – Basics & Forms
like infinitives, gerunds are verbal nouns
we translate them “________ing”
gerunds only exist in the neut. sg., in all cases except for the nominative
gerunds are formed like future passive participles, except they only have 4 endings:
1st & 2nd Conj.: pres. stem + –ndī, –ndō, –ndum, –ndō
3rd & 4th Conj.: pres. stem + –endī, –endō, –endum, –endō
N.B.: the nom. does not exist because Latin already has a neut. sg. nom. verbal noun–the subj. infinitive

6. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

7. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

8. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
nūntiandī
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

9. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
nūntiandī
of announcing
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

10. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
nūntiandī
of announcing
Dat.
nūntiandō
Acc.
Abl.

11. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
nūntiandī
of announcing
Dat.
nūntiandō
to/for announcing
Acc.
Abl.

12. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
nūntiandī
of announcing
Dat.
nūntiandō
to/for announcing
Acc.
nūntiandum
Abl.

13. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
nūntiandī
of announcing
Dat.
nūntiandō
to/for announcing
Acc.
nūntiandum
announcing
Abl.

14. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
nūntiandī
of announcing
Dat.
nūntiandō
to/for announcing
Acc.
nūntiandum
announcing
Abl.

15. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus: to announce
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
nūntiandī
of announcing
Dat.
nūntiandō
to/for announcing
Acc.
nūntiandum
announcing
Abl.
bwf announcing

16. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have, hold
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
habendī
of having
Dat.
habendō
to/for having
Acc.
habendum
having
Abl.
bwf having

17. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus: to lead
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
dūcendī
of leading
Dat.
dūcendō
to/for leading
Acc.
dūcendum
leading
Abl.
bwf leading

18. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to seize, take, capture
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
capiendī
of seizing
Dat.
capiendō
to/for seizing
Acc.
capiendum
seizing
Abl.
bwf seizing

19. Gerunds – Forms & Translations
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus: to hear
Forms
Translations
Nom.
Gen.
audiendī
of hearing
Dat.
audiendō
to/for hearing
Acc.
audiendum
hearing
Abl.
bwf hearing

20. Gerundives

21. Gerundives – Basics & Forms
gerundives are future passive participles
we translate them “(about) to be _______ed” or “_____ing” (like gerunds)
unlike gerunds, they exist in all cases, genders, and numbers
they are formed as follows (same as FPPs):
1st & 2nd Conj.: pres. stem + –ndus, –nda, –ndum
3rd & 4th Conj.: pres. stem + –endus, –enda, –endum
gerundives decline like adjectives
(for practice forming these, see notes on FPPs)

22. Uses of the Gerund & Gerundive
the gerund & gerundive can be used with the various functions of a case (direct object, indirect object, etc.)
the most common uses of the gerund/ive are:
Case
Common Uses
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

23. Uses of the Gerund & Gerundive
the gerund & gerundive can be used with the various functions of a case (direct object, indirect object, etc.)
the most common uses of the gerund/ive are:
Case
Common Uses
Gen.
with or without causā or gratiā (‘for the sake of’) to express purpose
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

24. Uses of the Gerund & Gerundive
the gerund & gerundive can be used with the various functions of a case (direct object, indirect object, etc.)
the most common uses of the gerund/ive are:
Case
Common Uses
Gen.
with or without causā or gratiā (‘for the sake of’) to express purpose
Dat.
as ind. object or with adj. that take the dat.
Acc.
Abl.

25. Uses of the Gerund & Gerundive
the gerund & gerundive can be used with the various functions of a case (direct object, indirect object, etc.)
the most common uses of the gerund/ive are:
Case
Common Uses
Gen.
with or without causā or gratiā (‘for the sake of’) to express purpose
Dat.
as ind. object or with adj. that take the dat.
Acc.
with ad to express purpose
Abl.

26. Uses of the Gerund & Gerundive
the gerund & gerundive can be used with the various functions of a case (direct object, indirect object, etc.)
the most common uses of the gerund/ive are:
Case
Common Uses
Gen.
with or without causā or gratiā (‘for the sake of’) to express purpose
Dat.
as ind. object or with adj. that take the dat.
Acc.
with ad to express purpose
Abl.
as abl. of means

27. Uses of the Gerund & Gerundive
the gerund generally does not take a direct object;
instead, a gerundive & accompanying noun will be used, e.g.:
locus senātum senātūs habendī  place of holding the senate
note the noun sounds like the d.o. of a gerund, but is actually being modified by the gerundive

28. Distinguishing Gerunds vs. Gerundives
when determining whether you have a gerund or gerundive, look for the following:
if it doesn’t end in –ī, –ō, or –um, it must be a gerundive
remember, gerunds only exist in neut. sg. gen., dat., acc., abl.
if it agrees with something nearby in gender, number, and case, it’s most likely a gerundive
translate the phrase just to make sure it makes sense
remember that the noun being modified will sound like the direct object of the gerundive
remember, gerunds are nouns, gerundives are adjectives

29. Gerunds & Gerundives – Exempla
Domī legendī causā mansī.
Domī librōrum legendōrum causā mansī.
Multum tempus legendō dedit.
Multum tempus librīs legendīs dedit.
Hic locus legendō idōneus est.
Hic locus legendō librō idōneus est.
Hūc ad legendum vēnī.
Hūc ad legendōs librōs vēnī.
Multum legendō discimus.
Multum legendīs librīs discimus. #2

30. Periphrastic Constructions

31. Periphrastic Constructions
periphrastic constructions are those that use a form of sum, esse as an auxiliary verb
(Future) Active Periphrastic:
consists of the future active participle + form of sum, esse
express future or intended action
simply translate the form of sum, esse & your participle
Exception! When you must use “will ____” or “would ____” in ind. statement

32. Periphrastic Constructions
periphrastic constructions are those that use a form of sum, esse as an auxiliary verb
(Future) Passive Periphrastic:
consists of the gerundive (FPP) + form of sum, esse
translate using must, should, ought or anything expressing obligation or necessity
the agent of a passive periphrastic is expressed NOT by the ablative, but by the dative case without a preposition
this is called the dative of agent

33. Passive Periphrastic
with transitive verbs (vbs. that take a direct object), the gerundive in a pass. per. agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case:
Militēs Caesarī mittendī sunt.
Rex nobīs capiendus est.
Villa videnda est vobīs.
Urbēs Rōmānīs capiendae erunt.
Furēs agricolīs interficiendī erant.

34. Passive Periphrastic
intransitive verbs (vbs. that do not take a direct object) are used impersonally in the pass. per.; the gerundive is neut. nom. sg.:
Furibus effugiendum est.
Mīlitibus acriter pugnandum est.
Omnibus vivendum erat.
Discipulīs dormiendum erit.
Ad ludum discipulīs veniendum erit.

35. The Supine – Basics, Forms, Translations
like infinitives & gerunds, the supine is a verbal noun
only has two forms and two uses
Form:
4th PP declined like a 4th declension noun
ONLY exists in the acc. sg. (–um) and abl. sg. (–ū)
Translation:
to __________ (sounds just like an infinitive)

36. The Supine – Uses the supine has only two uses
Accusative Supine (–um):
expresses purpose after verbs of motion
Hostēs ad Caesarem gratulātum lēgātōs mīsērunt.
The enemies sent legates to Caesar to thank (him).
acc. supine can also take a direct object, e.g.:
Pacem petitum lēgātōs Rōmam mittunt.
They send legates to Rome to ask for peace.

37. The Supine – Uses Ablative Supine (–ū):
used as an ablative of respect/specification
generally follows adjectives like the following:
facilis, difficilis, incredibilis, iucundus, mirabilis, optimus
or follows a verb like the following:
fās est (it is right), nefās est (it is not right), opus est (there is a need)
never takes a direct object
very few forms actually used; most common are:
factū, cognitū, auditū, dictū, vīsū