1. Seawater Chemistry

2. The Water Molecule
Water is a compound and compounds are made up of two or more elements.
An element is a substance of identical particles, called atoms.
Atoms can not be broken into simpler substances by chemical means.

3. The Water Molecule
Atoms have a nucleus which is made up of protons and neutrons.
Protons are positively charged particles and have a mass of one atomic weight unit.
Neutrons have no electrical charge, but they also have a mass of one atomic weight unit.

4. The Water Molecule
In addition to the protons and neutrons in the nucleus atoms also have electrons orbiting around the nucleus.
The electrons are negatively charged, but their mass is negligible, not even one atomic weight unit. In most discussions of atoms the mass of electrons is not even considered.

5. The Water Molecule
Atoms are electrically neutral, therefore there are as many electrons orbiting the nucleus as there are protons in the nucleus of the atom.

6. The Water Molecule
A water molecule is made from two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
A molecule is a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds.
Chemical bonds are formed when electrons are shared or transferred between atoms.

8. The Water Molecule
A water molecule forms when electrons are shared between two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
The bonds formed by shared pairs of electrons are known as covalent bonds.
In water the angle formed by the two hydrogen atoms and the central oxygen atom is about 105-degrees.

9. The Water Molecule

10. The Water Molecule
Hydrogen bonds greatly influence the properties of water.
The allow individual water molecules to stick together. We call this cohesion.
Cohesion gives water a high surface tension, which gives water a “skin” capable of supporting a razor blade or a tiny walking insect.

11. The Water Molecule
Adhesion is the tendency of water to stick to other materials, this allows water to adhere to solids and make them wet.
Cohesion and adhesion cause capillary action, the tendency for water to spread through a towel when one end is dipped in water.

12. The Water Molecule
Water is a powerful solvent. It will eventually dissolve almost any substance.
Water’s dissolving power results from the polar nature of the water molecule.
When water dissolves sodium chloride (NaCl) the result is that Na+ ions and Cl- ions are surrounded by water molecules.

13. The Water Molecule
An ion is an atom that has an unbalanced electrical charge because it has either gained or loss one or more electrons.
Sodium chloride is not covalently bounded. There is no sharing of electrons between sodium and chlorine.

16. The Water Molecule
Salts and other dissolved molecules can move through still water by a process called diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration of those molecules to an area of lower concentration of those molecules.

17. Seawater
The ocean’s salinity varies from about 3.3% to 3.7% by weight.
The average salinity is usually given as 3.5% or 35 parts per thousand (0/00).
Most of the dissolved salts in the ocean have been separated into ions. The most abundant of these are sodium and chloride.

18. Seawater
As the salinity increases, the freezing point of water becomes lower; the salts act as a sort of antifreeze. Therefore sea ice forms at a lower temperature than freshwater lakes.
Dissolved salts tend to attract water molecules. Therefore seawater evaporates more slowly than freshwater.

19. Seawater 3.5% of seawater consists of dissolved substances.
If we were to boil away 100 kilograms of seawater we would be left with a residue weighing 3.5 kilograms.
Oceanographers prefer to use parts per thousand notation rather than percent (parts per hundred).

20. Seawater

21. Seawater Residence Time
The constancy of the ocean seems to suggest that ions are being added to the ocean at the same rate they are removed.
Ions are removed by precipitating out and becoming part of the sediments on the ocean bottom

22. Seawater
Or by being extracted from seawater by animals and plants and used to form skeletal materials as well as being used in metabolic processes.
The residence time is equal to the amount of an element in the ocean divided by the rate at which it is added (or removed).

23. Seawater

24. Seawater Dissolved Gases
Most gases in the air readily dissolve in seawater ant the ocean’s surface.
Plants and animals living in the ocean need these gases.
No marine animal has the ability to break down water molecules to obtain oxygen directly.

25. Seawater Acid-Base Balance
Water can separate to form hydrogen (H+) ions and hydroxyl (OH-) ions.
In pure water, these two ions are present in equal amounts.
An imbalance in the ions produces either an acidic or basic solution.

26. Seawater
An acid is a substance that releases a hydrogen ion in solution.
A base is a substance that combines with a hydrogen ion in solution.
Acidity or alkalinity of a solution is measured in terms of the pH scale.

27. Seawater
The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
An excess of hydrogen (H+) ions makes the solution acid.
An excess of hydroxide (OH-) ions makes the solution alkaline.
Neutral is in the middle of the scale at 7.

29. Seawater Seawater is slightly alkaline with an average pH of about 8.
At first this sounds odd because there are large amounts of carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean. Dissolved carbon dioxide combines with water to from carbonic acid.

30. Seawater
Some carbonic acid brakes down to produce hydrogen ions, bicarbonate ions, and carbonate ions.
The net effect of the bicarbonate and carbonate ions is to buffer seawater.

31. If you want to see how much you remember a quiz follows.
The answers follow each question or set of questions, so write your answers on a blank sheet of paper.

32. Quiz 1. When an atom gains an additional electron it becomes:
a. An atom b. An ion
c. A molecule d. A quark

33. Answer
1. Ion

34. Quiz
2. The oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the water molecule are held together by:
a. Covalent bonds . Ionic bonds
c. Ester bonds d. Hydrogen bonds
3.When hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules they form a “skin” which allows the water to support a razor blade. This is called:
a. adhesion b. capillary action
c. cohesion d. tension

35. Answers
3 a. Covalent bonds
4. C. cohesion

36. Quiz 5. Water is: a. A good solvent b. A poor solvent
c. A moderately good solvent
d. A very poor solvent
6. Pure water is:
a. A good conductor of electricity
b. A poor conductor of electricity

37. Answers
5. a. good solvent
6. b. A poor conductor

38. Quiz 7. The average salinity of the open ocean is:
a. 10 ppt. b. 25 ppt.
c. 35 ppt. d. 55 ppt.
8. True or false. Ice forms at a lower temperature in fresh water than in salt water.

39. Answers
7. C. 35 ppt.
8. False

40. Quiz 9. The most abundant ion in seawater is:
a. Magnesium b. Chloride
c. Sodium d. Sulfate
10. The average pH of seawater is:
a b. 7
c d. 8.2

41. Answers
9. b. Chloride
10. D. 8.2

42. The End