1. Chapter 3
Ecosystem Ecology

2. Ecosystem Ecology Learning Targets
Explain the concept of ecosystem boundaries
Describe the processes of photosynthesis and respiration
Distinguish among the trophic levels that exist in food chains and food webs
Quantify ecosystem productivity
Explain energy transfer efficiency and trophic pyramids
Describe how water cycles within ecosystems
Explain how carbon cycles within ecosystems
Describe how nitrogen cycles within ecosystems
Explain how phosphorus cycles within ecosystems
Discuss the movement of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sulfur within ecosystems
Distinguish between ecosystem resistance and ecosystem resilience
Explain the insights gained from watershed studies
Explain the intermediate disturbance hypothesis

3. Deforestation of Haiti
Haitians rely on charcoal for cooking.
Forests are cut down before they can be replenished.
Deforestation disrupts the ecosystem by eroding the earth and disruptions of the natural cycles of water and soil nutrients.
Ecosystems influenced by human decisions.

5. Name this term
Name this level of organization: a particular location on Earth distinguished by its mix of biotic and abiotic factors.

6. Ecosystems
Ecosystem: a particular location on Earth distinguished by its mix of biotic and abiotic factors.

7. Sustainability within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
How Wolves Change Rivers

9. Energy Flows Through Ecosystems
All energy comes from the SUN!
H?????: eat plants.
C?????: eat animals.
O???: eat both.

10. Energy Flows Through Ecosystems
All energy comes from the SUN!
Herbivores: eat plants.
Carnivores: eat animals.
Omnivores: eat both.

12. Photosynthesis
Producers/Autotrophs: use the Sun’s energy to produce usable sources of energy.
Solar Energy + what are the reactants? --- what are the products?
Plants & algae!!

13. Photosynthesis
Producers/Autotrophs: use the Sun’s energy to produce usable sources of energy.
Solar Energy + 6H2O + 6CO2---- C6H12O6 + 6O2
Plants & algae!!

14. Practice Writing the Equation- AGAIN

16. Name this process
Consumers/Heterotrophs eat plants and other animals and gain energy from the chemical energy.
6O2 + C6H12O6 ---- 6H2O + 6CO2

17. Cellular Respiration
Consumers/Heterotrophs eat plants and other animals and gain energy from the chemical energy.
6O2 + C6H12O6 ---- 6H2O + 6CO2

19. Name this concept?
Successive levels of organisms consuming each other.
Primary Consumers: Herbivores that consume producers.
Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat primary consumers.
Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat secondary consumers.

20. Trophic Levels Successive levels of organisms consuming each other.
Primary Consumers: Herbivores that consume producers.
Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat primary consumers.
Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat secondary consumers.

21. Trophic Levels Successive levels of organisms consuming each other.
? Consumers: Herbivores that consume producers.
Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat primary consumers.
Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat secondary consumers.

23. D?: break down dead tissues and waste products.
S?: carnivores that consume dead animals.
D??: fungi and bacteria that complete the breakdown process by recycling nutrients.
Very important to an ecosystem. They recycle organic matter and energy. They also and get rid of dead animals and waste products.

24. Detritivores: break down dead tissues and waste products.
Scavengers: carnivores that consume dead animals.
Decomposers: fungi and bacteria that complete the breakdown process by recycling nutrients.
Very important to an ecosystem. They recycle organic matter and energy. They also and get rid of dead animals and waste products.

26. Name these concepts
(1)?: shows 1 interaction of the flow of energy and matter move through trophic levels.
(2)?: shows all possible interactions within an ecosystem. Illustrates the interconnectedness between all organisms.

27. Food Chains vs. Food Webs
Food Chain: shows 1 interaction of the flow of energy and matter move through trophic levels.
Food Web: shows all possible interactions within an ecosystem. Illustrates the interconnectedness between all organisms.

29. What are the other legend labels?

31. Ecosystem Productivity
The amount of energy available in an ecosystem determines how much life the ecosystem can support.
(G?P?P?): the total amount of solar energy that the producers in an ecosystem capture (rate).
???(NPP): Energy captured minus the energy respired by producers.

32. Ecosystem Productivity
The amount of energy available in an ecosystem determines how much life the ecosystem can support.
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP): the total amount of solar energy that the producers in an ecosystem capture (rate).
Net Primary Productivity (NPP): Energy captured minus the energy respired by producers.

33. NPP =s GPP – Respiration by Producers
This allows us to compare the productivity of different ecosystems.
Also a useful way to measure change in an ecosystem.
NPP =s GPP – Respiration by Producers
Links for video tutorials on calculating

34. 1? 2? 3?

36. Name the MOST and LEAST productive ecosystems in terrestrial vs
Name the MOST and LEAST productive ecosystems in terrestrial vs. Marine ecosystems?

38. Energy Transfer Efficiency and Trophic Pyramids
????: the total mass of all living matter in a specific area.
Standing Crop: amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time.
*NOT the rate of energy production!!

39. Energy Transfer Efficiency and Trophic Pyramids
Biomass: the total mass of all living matter in a specific area.
Standing Crop: amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time.
*NOT the rate of energy production!!

40. Energy used by an organism is given off as heat
Energy used by an organism is given off as heat. Any left over that is converted into consumer biomass by growth and reproduction is available to the next trophic level
This is called ecological efficiency.
Only about 10% of biomass energy is converted into energy at the next higher trophic level.
Most energy and biomass is found at the producer level.

42. Matter Cycles Through the Biosphere
What is this level of organization called ?? Region where life can possibly exist.
Energy flows through the atmosphere and is constantly replenished by the Sun.
Matter has to be recycled. It is within a closed system.
Biogeochemical Cycles: the recycling of elements through abiotic and biotic factors.

43. Matter Cycles Through the Biosphere
Biosphere: Region where life can possibly exist.
Energy flows through the atmosphere and is constantly replenished by the Sun.
Matter has to be recycled. It is within a closed system.
Biogeochemical Cycles: the recycling of elements through abiotic and biotic factors.

44. Hydrologic Cycle Movement of water through the biosphere.
E???: solar energy heats the Earth and evaporates rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans.
T??: plants release water from their leaves.
E??: both!
R?: water moves across the land into bigger bodies.
Precipitation: rain, snow, hail.
Human Impacts!! (name 2).

45. Hydrologic Cycle Movement of water through the biosphere.
Evaporation: solar energy heats the Earth and evaporates rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans.
Transpiration: plants release water from their leaves.
Evapotranspiration: both!
Runoff: water moves across the land into bigger bodies.
Precipitation: rain, snow, hail.
Human Impacts!! (deforestation, paving roads, diverting water).

47. Carbon Cycle
P???: take CO2 and incorporate it into tissues. Some returned when they respire and die.
Sugars are converted back into CO2.
Some CO2 combines with Calcium ions and becomes calcium carbonate (buried what type of??? rock).
Buried dead organic matter and turned into fossil fuels.
Extracting fossil fuels and c?????? (into the atmosphere or soil as ash)!
6. CO2 can dissolve directly into the ocean!

48. Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis: take CO2 and incorporate it into tissues. Some returned when they respire and die.
Sugars are converted back into CO2.
Some CO2 combines with Calcium ions and becomes calcium carbonate (buried limestone and sedimentary rock).
Buried dead organic matter and turned into fossil fuels.
Extracting fossil fuels and combustion (into the atmosphere or soil as ash)!
6. CO2 can dissolve directly into the ocean!

50. Macronutrients: organisms need relatively large amounts: Name 3.
Nitrogen Cycle
Often a limiting nutrient.
1. ???????: converting N2 directly into ammonia (NH3) done by cyanobacteria and bacteria in the roots of legumes.
NH3 is readily formed to NH4 (??) in the soil.
This can also happen abiotically turning N2 into nitrate (NO3-)

51. Macronutrients: organisms need relatively large amounts: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur.
Nitrogen Cycle
Often a limiting nutrient.
1. Nitrogen Fixation: converting N2 directly into ammonia (NH3) done by cyanobacteria and bacteria in the roots of legumes.
NH3 is readily formed to NH4 (ammonium) in the soil.
This can also happen abiotically turning N2 into nitrate (NO3-)

52. 2. A??
Producers take up ammonium or nitrate.
Consumers assimilate nitrogen by eating producers.
3. A????
Decomposers in soil break down N compounds into ammonium (NH4+).
4. N???
Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrite(NO2-) and then into nitrate(NO3-).

53. 2. Assimilation
Producers take up ammonium or nitrate.
Consumers assimilate nitrogen by eating producers.
3. Ammonification
Decomposers in soil break down N compounds into ammonium (NH4+).
4. Nitrification
Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrite(NO2-) and then into nitrate(NO3-).

54. 5. D???
Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate (NO3) into nitrous oxide and eventually nitrogen gas.
L????: Negatively charged particles repel soil so nitrate is transported through the soil with the water. These settle at the bottom of lakes, oceans, and swamps.

55. 5. Denitrification
Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate (NO3) into nitrous oxide and eventually nitrogen gas.
Leaching: Negatively charged particles repel soil so nitrate is transported through the soil with the water. These settle at the bottom of lakes, oceans, and swamps.

57. Nitrogen is a limiting factor
Nitrogen is a limiting factor. Excess nitrogen can alter the environment.

58. Nitrogen is a limiting factor
Nitrogen is a limiting factor. Excess nitrogen can alter the environment.

59. Phosphorus Cycle Weathering of ????.
Phosphorous f???? is added to farms and can run off into rivers, lakes, and streams.
Excretion of animals.
Dissolved phosphates precipitate out of solution and contribute to the ocean sediments.
Phosphate rocks uplift from the ocean floor.

60. Phosphorus Cycle Weathering of rocks.
Phosphorous fertilizer is added to farms and can run off into rivers, lakes, and streams.
Excretion of animals.
Dissolved phosphates precipitate out of solution and contribute to the ocean sediments.
Phosphate rocks uplift from the ocean floor.

61. Phosphorous dissolved is not available in streams and rivers.
When added to these systems there is huge growth of producers.
Algal Bloom: rapid growth of algae. When algae die their decomposition consumes large amounts of ????.
Results in h???? conditions.

62. Phosphorous dissolved is not available in streams and rivers.
When added to these systems there is huge growth of producers.
Algal Bloom: rapid growth of algae. When algae die their decomposition consumes large amounts of oxygen.
Results in hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions.

65. Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Sulfur
Ca, Mg, S and K are derived from rocks.
Sulfur
Exists in rocks.
Plants absorb as sulfate ions (SO42-).
Burning fossil fuels release what??? .
When mixed with water it is converted to sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

66. Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Sulfur
Ca, Mg, S and K are derived from rocks.
Sulfur
Exists in rocks.
Plants absorb as sulfate ions (SO42-).
Burning fossil fuels release sulfur dioxide.
When mixed with water it is converted to sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

67. Ecosystems Respond to Disturbance
Disturbance: event caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents that cause a change in the population or community.
W????? Studies: all of the land of a given landscape that drains into a particular river, lake or stream.

68. Ecosystems Respond to Disturbance
Disturbance: event caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents that cause a change in the population or community.
Watershed Studies: all of the land of a given landscape that drains into a particular river, lake or stream.

73. Name these key concepts
(1)? : measure of how much an disturbance can effect flows of energy and matter.
(2)? : rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance.
Restoration Ecology!
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

74. Resistance Vs. Resilience
Resistance: measure of how much an disturbance can effect flows of energy and matter.
Resilience: rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance.
Restoration Ecology!
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

77. Ecosystems Provide Valuable Services
Instrumental Value: has worth as an instrument or tool.
Provisions
Regulating Services: nutrients and biogeochemical c????
Support Systems: p????
Cultural Services
Intrinsic Values: religious & philosophical convictions.

78. Ecosystems Provide Valuable Services
Instrumental Value: has worth as an instrument or tool.
Provisions
Regulating Services: nutrients and biogeochemical cycles
Support Systems: pollination
Cultural Services
Intrinsic Values: religious & philosophical convictions.

84. Golf Courses Environmental Impacts

85. Ch. 3 Ecosystem Ecology Learning Check
A letter may be used once, more than once, or not at all
Carbon neutrality
(B) Carbon sequestration
(C)cellular respiration
(D) carbon flux from atmosphere to lithosphere
(E)fossil fuel combustion
1-The process whereby the biota of ecosystems release energy necessary for functioning
2-the main ecosystem service that permanently protected forests provide
3-The main cause of a lowering of pH in marine environments

86. Ch. 3 Ecosystem Ecology Learning Check
A letter may be used once, more than once, or not at all
Carbon neutrality
(B) Carbon sequestration
(C)cellular respiration
(D) carbon flux from atmosphere to lithosphere
(E)fossil fuel combustion
1-The process whereby the biota of ecosystems release energy necessary for functioning C
2-the main ecosystem service that permanently protected forests provide B
3-The main cause of a lowering of pH in marine environments E

87. Ch. 3 Ecosystem Ecology Learning Check
The most productive (gC/m2/yr) ecosystems in the world are
Temperate deciduous forests
Swamps and marshes
The open ocean
Temperate grasslands
Northern coniferous forests

88. Ch. 3 Ecosystem Ecology Learning Check
The most productive (gC/m2/yr) ecosystems in the world are
Temperate deciduous forests
Swamps and marshes
The open ocean
Temperate grasslands
Northern coniferous forests

89. Ch. 3 Ecosystem Ecology Learning Check
If a coral reef has an NPP of 5.25 kg C/m2/yr and a GPP of 7.5 kg C/m2/yr, how much carbon is being used during respiration by the autotrophs in this ecosystem?
kgC/m2/year
2.25 kgC/m2/year
-2.25 kgC/m2/year
14.95 kgC/m2/year
Cannot be determined with the information given

90. Ch. 3 Ecosystem Ecology Learning Check
If a coral reef has an NPP of 5.25 kg C/m2/yr and a GPP of 7.5 kg C/m2/yr, how much carbon is being used during respiration by the autotrophs in this ecosystem?
kgC/m2/year
2.25 kgC/m2/year
-2.25 kgC/m2/year
14.95 kgC/m2/year
Cannot be determined with the information given

91. Ch. 3 Ecosystem Ecology Learning Check
Which of the following is true of nitrogen as it cycles in nature?
The largest sink of nitrogen is in the atmosphere
Nitrogen compounds rarely exist in the gaseous state
Nitrogen fixation occurs regularly in ecosystems, producing a nitrogen compound that can be used by primary consumers
Denitrifying bacteria live in mutualistic relationships with most consumers
Nitrogen compounds are considered the least problematic to the environment and the most essential to all animal life on Earth

92. Ch. 3 Ecosystem Ecology Learning Check
Which of the following is true of nitrogen as it cycles in nature?
The largest sink of nitrogen is in the atmosphere
Nitrogen compounds rarely exist in the gaseous state
Nitrogen fixation occurs regularly in ecosystems, producing a nitrogen compound that can be used by primary consumers
Denitrifying bacteria live in mutualistic relationships with most consumers
Nitrogen compounds are considered the least problematic to the environment and the most essential to all animal life on Earth