1. From DNA to Protein Recall:
DNA is confined to the nuclues!
I’m too large to fit through the nuclear pores!
So how do eukaryotic cells solve this problem?
Recall:
Proteins are polymers (polypeptides) made of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds in a specific order.
DNA contains the original instructions for putting the amino acids together in the proper sequence.
Proteins are made by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

2. Recall that DNA is Used to make RNA:
Transcription
Occurs in the nucleus
Produces all 3 types of RNA
RNA is small enough to leave the nucleus.

3. Nucleic Acids like DNA and RNA speak a Nitrogen base language
Translation
A process of protein synthesis.
(All forms of RNA work together)
“To change languages”
Nucleic Acids like DNA and RNA speak a Nitrogen base language
(A G C T/U)
Proteins speak an
amino acid language

4. From RNA to Protein Translation I am the “copy” of the directions
I deliver the parts to the assembly line when they are called for
I read the message and assemble the parts
Translation
I’m the finished product. The proteins that you make determine your characteristics.

5. The 3 Types of RNA Work Together to Build Proteins:
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribbon shaped.
Carries a “copy” of the instructions for protein synthesis from DNA to the ribosomes.
Serves as a template for amino acid assembly.

6. A specific group of 3 sequential bases on mRNA
Codon
A specific group of 3 sequential bases on mRNA
Each codon codes for only 1 specific amino acid
Each amino acid has several codons
There are also “START” & “STOP” codons
DNA is “Universal” – the same code is used for all organisms.
Codon #1
Codon #2
Codon #3

7. How many codons are in each mRNA?2 2
How many amino acids does this message code for? 6 6
How many amino acids does this message code for? 4 4
How many amino acids does this message code for?

8. Has an Anticodon that acts like an ID badge.
There are 3 types of RNA:
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Hairpin shaped. Picks up a specific amino acid and delivers it to the ribosome for assembly according to mRNA message. (There are 20+ different types).
Has an Anticodon that acts like an ID badge.
It must be complimentary to the codon on the mRNA to ensure the accurate amino acid is delivered.

9. Anticodon Set of three bases on tRNA
See if you can figure out the complimentary anticodon
Amino Acid

10. Globular form of RNA that makes up ribosomes.
There are 3 types of RNA:
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Globular form of RNA that makes up ribosomes.
Reads the mRNA message one codon at a time and bonds the amino acids together with peptide bonds when they are delivered by the tRNA.
Ribosome
(rRNA)
mRNA

11. “To change from one language to another”
Steps of Translation
“To change from one language to another”
1. mRNA migrates out of nucleus to a ribosome (rRNA)
2. Ribosome (rRNA) reads the message one codon at a time.
3. tRNA’s pick up & deliver their specific amino acid to the ribosome. (Codon must be complimentary to anticodon!)
* “START” codon is always AUG therefore, methionine will always be the 1st amino acid in every polypeptide
(It is removed from protein later).
* Several ribosomes read mRNA at once – each producing
its own copy of the same protein.
4. Ribosome (rRNA) forms a peptide bond between each amino acid added forming a polypeptide (protein).
5. “STOP” codon signals ribosomes to stop reading mRNA and release the finished protein.

12. 3 Types of RNA Work Together to Build Proteins
Codon
anticodon

13. Cytoplasm
Nucleus A U G C

14. This is a ribosome. A U G C
Messenger RNA Strand

15. A U C
Met
tRNA A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

16. A U C
Met
tRNA U C
Arg
tRNA G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

17. Met U C
Arg
tRNA G
tRNA U A C A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

18. Met U C
Arg
tRNA G
tRNA U A C A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

19. Met U C
Arg
tRNA G
tRNA U A C A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

20. Met U C
Arg
tRNA G
tRNA U A C A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

21. Met U C
Arg
tRNA G
tRNA U A C A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

22. Met U C
Arg
tRNA G
tRNA U A C A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

23. Met U C
Arg
tRNA G A U C
tRNA A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

24. Met A U C
tRNA U C
Arg
tRNA G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

25. A U C
tRNA A U G C
Met
Arg
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

26. A U C
tRNA A U G C
Met
Arg
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

27. A U C
tRNA A U G C
Met
Arg
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

28. A U C
tRNA A U G C
Met
Arg
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

29. A U C
tRNA A U G C
Met
Arg
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

30. Met U C
Arg
tRNA G
Gly
tRNA G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

31. Met U C
Arg
tRNA G
Gly
tRNA G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

32. Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA
tRNA C G U G G G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

33. Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA
tRNA C G U G G G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

34. Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA
tRNA C G U G G G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

35. Met
Arg
Gly U C
tRNA G
tRNA G G G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

36. Met
Arg U C
tRNA G
Gly
tRNA G G G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

37. Met U C
tRNA G
Arg
Gly
tRNA G G G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

38. U C
tRNA G
Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA G G G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

39. U C
tRNA G
Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA G G G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

40. U C
tRNA G
Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA G G G A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

41. U C
tRNA G A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

42. U C
tRNA G A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

43. U C
tRNA G A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

44. U C
tRNA G A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

45. U C
tRNA G A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

46. U C
tRNA G A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

47. U C
tRNA G A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

48. U C tRNA G A tRNA tRNA G A U G C Met Arg Gly Lys
Single Messenger RNA Strand

49. U C tRNA G tRNA G tRNA A A A A U G C Met Arg Gly Lys
Single Messenger RNA Strand

50. U C tRNA G tRNA G tRNA A A A A U G C Met Arg Gly Lys
Single Messenger RNA Strand

51. U C tRNA G tRNA G tRNA A A A A U G C Met Arg Gly Lys
Single Messenger RNA Strand

52. U C tRNA G tRNA G tRNA A A A A U G C Met Arg Gly Lys
Single Messenger RNA Strand

53. U C tRNA G tRNA G tRNA A A A A U G C Met Arg Lys Gly
Single Messenger RNA Strand

54. U C tRNA G tRNA G tRNA A A A A U G C Met Arg Lys Gly
Single Messenger RNA Strand

55. U C tRNA G tRNA G tRNA A A A A U G C Met Arg Lys Gly
Single Messenger RNA Strand

56. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
tRNA G
tRNA A A A A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

57. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
tRNA G
tRNA A A A A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

58. Met
Arg
Gly
tRNA G
Lys
tRNA A A A A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

59. tRNA G
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
tRNA A A A A U G C
Single Messenger RNA Strand

60. tRNA G A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

61. tRNA G A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

62. A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
tRNA
Single Messenger RNA Strand

63. A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
tRNA

64. A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
tRNA

65. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A
tRNA A U G C

66. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A
tRNA A U G C

67. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A
tRNA A U G C

68. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A
tRNA A U G C

69. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A
tRNA A U G C

70. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A
tRNA A U G C

71. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
Stop A
tRNA U C A
tRNA A U G C

72. Met
Lys
Gly
Arg
Stop A
tRNA
tRNA A U C A U G C

73. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A
tRNA A U G C

74. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A
tRNA A U G C

75. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A
tRNA A U G C

76. Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A
tRNA A U G C

77. A
tRNA
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A U G C

78. A
tRNA
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys U C A
Stop
tRNA A U G C

79. A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
Stop
tRNA

80. A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
Stop
tRNA

81. A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
Stop
tRNA

82. A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
Stop
tRNA

83. A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
Stop
tRNA

84. A U G C
Met
Arg
Gly
Lys
Stop
tRNA

85. Translation Overview

86. How do we know which amino acid is being coded for?
We have discovered the RNA Code!

87. How does the cell make sure the correct amino acid is added every time?
The anticodon on tRNA MUST be complimentary to the codon on the mRNA strand in order for it to be able to add the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
The RNA Code

88. Can you decipher the Code?
TAC GGT CAG TGC ACT
AUG CCA GUC ACG UGA
DNA 
mRNA 
(codons)
UAC
GGU
CAG
UGC
ACU
tRNA 
(anticodons)
Peptide bonds
Polypeptide 
Met
Pro
Val
Thre
Stop

89. Name that Molecule & Process!

90. Translation Animations
Click on the link below:
M1_L3-2_Translation

91. Flow of Information in a Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Transcription
Translation
Prokaryotic Cell
Transcription
Translation

92. Why Do We Need Proteins?
Structures Form parts of our bodies like hair nails, skin.
Movement (Muscles are made of proteins called Actin & Myosin)
Transport (Provide passages in & out of cells)
Defense (Antibodies mark foreign cells for destruction)
Communication (Act as signals or receptors to pick up signals)
Recognition (Cell markers to distinguish our cells from foreign cells like bacteria)
Catalysts (Enzymes – speed up reactions in cells)