1. Audio and Speech
Computers & New Media

2. Topics for Today General Audio Speech
Basics of audio signal
Features
Event detection
Speech
Detection
Segmentation
Speaker identification
Recognition
Audio generation in software applications

3. The Audio Signal
Energy at each frequency step for every recorded point of time

4. Features for Audio Analysis
Data over Time and Frequency

5. Energy Over Time
What are these?
Speech
Music
Gunshot

6. Summarizing the Audio Signal
Sum energy for bands of frequencies over intervals of time

7. Audio Signal Analysis Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Commonly used on audio signals
Allows for analysis of frequency features across time
Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
FFTs have equal sized windows where wavelets can vary based on frequency

8. Audio Signal Analysis Mel-frequency cepstral coeffients (MFCC)
Based on FFTs
Maps results into bands approximating human auditory system

9. Event Detection Mapping audio cues to events
Recognizing sounds related to particular events (e.g. gunshot, falling, scream)

10. Classifying Audio Signals
Features are extracted from audio signals
Can be time or frequency or both
Features creates a multidimensional space of data points
Supervised learning
Train classifier with set of labeled signals
SVMs, neural nets, …
Unsupervised learning
Cluster unlabeled signals based on similarity
HAC, K-means, …
Same for most any type of signal, not just audio

11. Speech Detection Another audio signal classification task
Complicated by background sounds

12. Distinguishing between Speakers
Speaker segmentation/diarization
Identify when a change in speaker occurs
Self-similarity assessments
Useful for basic indexing or summarization of speech content
Speaker identification
Requires label attached to training data or label attached to cluster from unsupervised learning
Enables search (and other features) based on speaker

13. Speech Recognition Segment utterances & characterize phonemes
Use gaps to segment
Group phoneme segments into words
Group words into requests or sentences

14. Speech Recognition Continuous speech What to do for noisy signal
Language models for disambiguation
Speaker dependent training improves recognition
What to do for noisy signal
Topic spotting
Heuristic search

15. Playing Back or Generating Audio
Where do you find audio cues in software outside of games?
Mapping events in software to audio cues
LogoMedia included audio cues to speed up stepping through code
InfoSound used audio to aid in program comprehension
Caitlin mapped code elements to different instruments

16. Spatialized Audio Additional geographic/navigational channel Examples
Joyce’s interactive Central Park hyperaudio
Audio maps of city for the visually impaired
Conveys distances, directions, and object sizes
Not for use while moving at time of writing

17. Spatialized Audio Generation
Head-related transfer function (HRTF)
Difference in timing and signal strength determine how we identify position of sound
Easy to apply with headphones
In open space
Beamforming
Timing for constructive interference to create stronger signal at desired location
Crosstalk Cancellation
Destructive interference to remove parts of signal at desired location

18. Echology: Interacting with Spatialized Audio
An interactive 2D soundscape combining human collaboration with aquarium activity
Goal: engage visitors to spend more time with (and learn more about) Beluga whales
Spatialized sound based on whale activity and human interaction

19. Echology Interaction
Whale activity is classified to create different sounds in soundstage
Visitors determine how sounds move through space

20. Echology Architecture

21. Topics for Today General Audio Speech
Basics of audio signal
Features
Event detection
Speech
Detection
Segmentation
Speaker identification
Recognition
Audio generation in software applications