1. PAH Treatment

2. Introduction: Combination Therapy in the Treatment of PAH

3. 3 Major Pathways Depicting the Pathophysiology of PAH

4. Different Agents Target Different Vasomotor Pathways in PAH

5. Combination Pharmacotherapy in PAH: Rationale and Potential Clinical Benefits

6. Complementary Pathways for the Treatment of PAH

7. Significantly Reduced Outcomes
Significantly Reduced Outcomes* With Monotherapy vs Combination Therapy†

8. Combination Therapy Trials for the Treatment of PAH: A Summary

9. Different Combination Strategies for the Treatment of PAH

10. Initial/Upfront Use of Combination Therapy in PAH: The AMBITION Trial

11. Different Combination Strategies for the Treatment of PAH (cont)

12. AMBITION*: Significant Improvement in Outcomes With Initial Ambrisentan + Tadalafil

13. PATENT-1*: Significant Improvement In Exercise Capacity With Add-On Riociguat

14. SERAPHIN*: Significant Improvement in Outcomes With Add-On Macitentan

15. COMPASS-2*: Adding Bosentan to Stable Sildenafil Did Not Delay Time to First Morbidity/Mortality Event

16. Sildenafil + Bosentan: A Combination to Avoid?

17. Safety and Efficacy of Sildenafil When Added on to Bosentan

19. ERS/ESC Evidence-Based Treatment Algorithm for Patients With PAH

20. ESC/ERS Recommendations for Sequential Drug Combination Therapy for PAH

21. ESC/ERS Recommendations for Initial Combination Therapy*

22. Evidence-Based Combination Therapy for PAH Treatment

23. Case Example: 51-Year-Old Woman With IPAH

24. PAH Treatment

25. 18 Months Later

26. Case Take-Home Points

27. Practical Guidance Regarding Combination Therapy

28. Risk Assessment in Patients With PAH

29. Concluding Remarks