1. Chapter 9
The Microscopic World

2. Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Chapter 9A
Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

3. Microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic organisms
Bacteria
Microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic organisms

4. I. 2 Kingdoms of Bacteria
A. Archaebacteria

5. A. Archaebacteria
1. Cell walls lack a certain compound 2. Parts of its DNA are more similar to eukaryotes

6. READ “ANCIENT BACTERIA?” ON PAGE 185
A. Archaebacteria
READ “ANCIENT BACTERIA?” ON PAGE 185

7. ANCIENT BACTERIA (page 185)
“The ‘ancient’ bacteria, archaebacteria, were so named because evolutionary scientists assumed they had been around much longer than the ‘true’ bacteria, or eubacteria.”

8. ANCIENT BACTERIA (page 185)
“Imagine their frustration to learn more recently that the archaebacteria have many genes that resemble those found in the ‘higher’ eukaryotic organisms.”

9. ANCIENT BACTERIA (page 185)
“These ‘advanced’ genes are missing in the eubacteria that supposedly evolved from them. How would you explain this puzzle?”

10. A. Archaebacteria 3. Many live in extreme environments
a) Boiling springs
b) Salty lakes

11. A. Archaebacteria 3. Many live in extreme environments c) Sewage
d) Deep sea hydrothermal vents
* chemosynthetic

12. chemosynthetic
A process that uses chemicals to produce food for the organism instead of using light energy.

13. This is the only information you will need to know about Archaebacteria!

14. Whenever the term bacteria is used, it will refer to organisms within Kingdom Eubacteria.

15. I. 2 Kingdoms of Bacteria
A. Archaebacteria B. Eubacteria

16. B. Eubacteria
1. The typical “bacteria” 2. Cyanobacteria a) photosynthetic

17. B. Eubacteria
3. Has 3 basic shapes a) coccus – spherical b) bacillus – rods c) spirillum – spiral

18. 3. Basic Shapes

19. B. Eubacteria
4. Many live in colonies a) prefixes tell the type of colony

20. 4a) Prefixes Diplo- two cells Staphylo- arranged in a cluster
Strepto- arranged end-to-end in long chains

21. 4a) Prefixes

22. IDENTIFY THE SHAPES OF THE BACTERIA IN FIGURE 9-1 (PAGE 186)
Review
IDENTIFY THE SHAPES OF THE BACTERIA IN FIGURE 9-1 (PAGE 186)

23. B. Eubacteria
5. There are basic structures that are common to most bacteria

24. 5. Structure

25. 5. Structure Cell membrane Cell wall Capsule Nuclear area Ribosomes
Flagella

26. B. Eubacteria
6. Reproduce asexually a) binary fission b) small amount of genetic exchange

27. 6. Reproduction
c) Under proper conditions, some bacteria can reproduce in 20 minutes

28. 6. Reproduction

29. 6. Reproduction

30. 6. Reproduction

31. 6. Reproduction

32. 6. Reproduction

33. 6. Reproduction

34. 6. Reproduction

35. 6. Reproduction

36. 6c) Proper Conditions A great deal of food
Require oxygen (aerobes) or Lack of oxygen (anaerobes)
A means of getting rid of their waste products
A certain temperature and pH range (varies per bacteria)
Moisture

37. B. Eubacteria
7. Importance a) Majority are helpful! * decomposers of most organic matter

38. B. Eubacteria Majority are helpful!
* Cyanobacteria have a symbiotic relationship with some plant roots

39. Symbiotic relationship
A relationship in which 2 organisms live closely together

40. B. Eubacteria Majority are helpful! * production of useful items
b) Some cause disease and death

41. What about the Viruses?

42. A nucleic acid core with a protein coat
Virus
A nucleic acid core with a protein coat

43. Viruses come in different shapes

44. A. Viruses
1. No cell membrane, cytoplasm, or organelles 2. Cannot reproduce on their own 3. Not living organisms

45. This is a life science class…
So why study viruses?

46. B. Methods of Causing Diseases

47. B. Methods of Causing Diseases
1. Lytic Viruses

48. 1. Lytic Viruses Infection of cell
Forces host cell to make more virus particles
Host cell is destroyed
Called the lytic cycle

49. 1. Lytic Cycle

50. B. Methods of Causing Diseases
Lytic Viruses
Latent Viruses

51. 2. Latent Viruses Infection of cell
Forces host cell to make more virus particles
Host cell is not destroyed
Virus lies dormant
Environmental trigger

52. C. Fighting Viruses
1. Interferons 2. Vaccinations 3. Good hygiene