1. Essential Question: How do changes in the Earth’s surface occur over time?
Standard:
S6E5f. Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features including oceans (composition, currents and tides).

2. In the previous lesson you learned about processes that can change rocks.
Now we are going to examine processes that change the surface of the Earth.

3. Use your foldable to take Notes

4. Weathering is the process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth’s surface.

5. Weathering wears mountains down to hills and can produce strange rock formations like in the previous slide.

6. There are two types of weathering:
Mechanical (Physical) Weathering
Chemical Weathering

7. Mechanical Weathering
Rocks are broken apart by physical processes (heat, water, ice, pressure, temperature, etc.)
The overall chemical makeup of the rock stays the same
Each piece has characteristics similar to the original rock

8. Example of Mechanical Weathering:
Frost Wedging

9. Mechanical Weathering: Frost Wedging
Weathering and erosion - Freeze thaw weathering [1:20]

10. Mechanical Weathering: Frost Wedging

11. Example of Mechanical Weathering:
Rock expands when the pressure of overlying rock is removed causing it to break into flat sheets [Exfoliation].

12. Example of Mechanical Weathering:
Exfoliation

13. Mechanical Weathering: Exfoliation

14. Example of Mechanical Weathering:
The expansion and contraction of rock, caused by temperature changes
[Thermal Expansion].
Expand
Contract

15. Thermal shattering of rock due to a forest fire
For example, heating of rocks by sunlight or fires can cause expansion of their minerals. This stress eventually cause the rock to crack apart.
The heated exterior will expand faster than the cool interior, causing the exterior to break.
Thermal shattering of rock due to a forest fire

16. Example of Mechanical Weathering:
Biological Weathering

17. Water and nutrients collect in the cracks of rocks that can result in the growth of plants. As the roots grow, they enlarge the cracks.

18. Burrowing animals also cause mechanical weathering
Burrowing animals also cause mechanical weathering. They loosen sediment and push it to the surface as they burrow (dig).

19. Weathering can also occur by the rubbing of one object or surface
against another [Abrasion].
Sand rubbing against the rock
Rocks and other sediment rubbing against one another

20. Turn to an elbow partner and describe examples of mechanical weathering you have observed recently [in real life not the activator] or in the past.

21. Chemical Weathering
Chemical reactions dissolve or change the minerals in rocks or change them into different minerals [changes the chemical composition]

22. Example of Chemical Weathering:
Rocks and minerals can dissolve in acidic waters [Dissolution].

23. Dissolution

24. Caves form when slightly acidic groundwater dissolves limestone.

25. Cave formed by acid dissolved limestone

26. Some plants give off acids that also dissolve minerals in rock
Some plants give off acids that also dissolve minerals in rock. The rock is weakened and eventually breaks into smaller pieces.
Rock Meets Lichen [2:06]

27. Example of Chemical Weathering:
The chemical compounds (mixes) in rock can breakdown due to a reaction with water [Hydrolysis]. An example is Feldspar changing to Clay.
Chemical Weathering Feldspar into Clay [28 sec]
Animation of Chemical Weathering

28. Example of Chemical Weathering:
When minerals containing iron are exposed to water and oxygen in the air, the iron reacts to form a new material that looks like rust [Oxidation].

29. Due to oxidation, iron-containing minerals like magnetite can weather to form a rust-like material called limonite.
Limonite
Magnetite

30. Mechanical and Chemical Weathering: Breaking or Baking? [2:50]
Turn to an elbow partner and discuss how making, baking, and eating chocolate chip cookies is similar to mechanical and chemical weathering.
Mechanical and Chemical Weathering: Breaking or Baking? [2:50]

31. Study Jams: Weathering and Erosion
Weathering and Erosion Song