1. Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle

2. Popular Sovereignty Nominees Lewis Cass Democrat
The sovereign people of a territory should get to determine (under their own constitutions) to have or not have slavery
Whigs: General Zachary Taylor Avoided all issues of slavery (LA Plantation had scores of slaves)

3. Free Soil Party
Antislavery men in the North who distrusted both other candidates formed this
For the Wilmot Proviso
Against Slavery in Territories
Federal Aid for Internal Improvements
Free Govt. Homesteads to settlers
Nominated Martin Van Buren

4. The 1848 Presidential Election Results√

5. 1849 CA Gold Rush Thousands will flood CA Lawlessness
Outburst of Crime
Prostitution
CA will draft a constitution in 1849 that excludes slavery & bypass the territorial stage & become a state.

6. California Gold Rush, 1849
49er’s

7. Territorial Growth to 1853

8. Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman freed 300 slaves during her 19 trips to the South
Illiterate runaway slave from MA
By 1850 the South was loosing 1,000 runaway slaves a yr (More slaves gained freedom by self purchase & voluntary emancipation)

10. The Great Compromise: Dealing with the sectional Crisis
CA coming in causes a huge problem
Henry Clay “The Great Compromiser” 73 now
Urged North & South for stronger fugitive slave laws
Rep the South was John C. Calhoun (68 currently dying) – States rights, slavery to be left alone, return of runaway slaves, & return of political balance
Daniel Webster – 68 yrs, Stronger fugitive slave law, as for slavery this new land was not fit for “them” anyways, his 7th of March speech helped push the north toward a compromise (North called him a traitor)

11. William H Seward NY Senator hated slavery
“Christian legislators must adhere to a higher law” (God’s Law)& not allow slavery to exists
President Taylor vetoed every compromise sent his way
Taylor dies in 1850
President Millard Fillmore will take over

12. Compromise of 1850 South North
New Mexican Cession Land would be open to popular Sovereignty
Texas got 10 mill from the Fed. Govt. for given up the disputed land over NM
A stricter fugitive slave law
North
CA came in a free State
Disputed land b/w TX & NM to be surrendered to NM
Abolition of the slave trade (not slavery) in the District of Columbia

13. Compromise of 1850

14. North’s Response: Fugitive Slave law:
Fleeing slaves could not testify on their own behalf & denied a jury trial
Fed. Commissioner that handled the case got paid $5 if slave was free $10 if he was not
Anyone could be made to join the hunt or be fined / arrested
North’s Response:
Many Northerns’ vowed NOT to follow this “man stealing Law”
Underground Railroad step up its timetable

15. 1852 Presidential Election
√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

16. Expansionist Stirrings
July of 1856 William Walker – An Adventurer grabbed control of Nicaragua & proclaimed himself President (army of Southern helpers)
Then legalized Slavery Idiot
The U.S. recognized the new country
Made English the new Language
Other Latin American Countries overthrew him and in 1860 a Honduran firing squad took his life

17. Cuba? HMMMMMM. . .
Southerns & President Pierce wanted Cuba (Lots of Blacks already there hmmm)
: Two pirate expeditions (Southern men) tried to seize Cuba but failed
1854 Spain being upset by this attacked the “Black Warrior” an American ship & demanded a showdown
Result was the OSTEND MANAFESTO
A secret document where the U.S. offered $120 mill to Spain for Cuba if they refused the U.S. would take it by FORCE (They met in Ostend Belgium)
But: This leaked out & the North was furious & Pierce quickly dropped the issue of Cuba

18. Opening Up Trade in Asia
Japan
Millard Fillmore sent a fleet ships to Japan led by Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open up trade
Basically he asked /coerced/ forced them to open up their nation: They signed the Treaty of Kanagawa
Japan broke their isolation tradition
China
Caleb Cushing a MA lawyer was sent to open trade & encourage relations
The Chinese were welcoming & signed the Treaty of Wanghia July 3, 1844 (Trade Begin to Flourish

19. Caleb Cushing
Matthew C. Perry

20. Gadsden Purchase Why?
Sec. of War Jefferson Davis sent Rail Road man James Gadsden (from SC) to Mexico to Purchase this Mexican land for 10 million
Why: A way to connect the west to the East & South
This was the best route due to:
Land was organized Indian attacks could be repelled
Better Geography (Not Mts. To deal with)
So, the North thought that if the organization of territories was the problem then Newbraska needed to be organized?

22. Kansas-Nebraska Scheme
1854 Senator Stephen Douglas proposed the Kansas Nebraska Act
Let both states be decided by Popular Sovereignty
Problem? MO Compromise banned this right? The act would have to be repealed
This bill was passed by Congress very recklessly & furthered sectional tensions b/tw the N & S