1. Classification &
The Six Kingdoms

2. TAXONOMY- the science of naming and classifying organisms
Aristotle: grouped plants and animals based on similarities
Greeks & Romans-major groups called “genus” (means group)
Carl Linnaeus-( ) - Sweden--gave organisms a 2 word name...

3. Binomial Nomenclature
Means “2 word naming system”
Genus (1st letter always capitalized)
species (lower case)
either underlined or italics (only if typed)
this is considered the Scientific name!

4. Universal Language = Latin
Provides a standard for communication among biologists, regardless of their native language
2 different organisms cannot have the same scientific name
organisms can share one part of their scientific name w/another organism.

5. Hierarchical System Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus
species
Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
{SCIENTIFIC NAME}

6. 5 or 6 Kingdoms?
5 Kingdom System: Monera (Bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
*****6 Kingdom System: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

7. Species
Generally defined as a group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring
All dogs are one species
Horses and donkeys are different species because when they breed, their offspring (mules) are sterile!

8. Use the words in RED to fill in the blanks!
Kingdoms
Use the words in RED to fill in the blanks!

9. 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
These 2 are sometimes combined together to form the Monera Kingdom when only 5 Kingdoms are used

10. Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
No nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Most μm in size
Evolved 3.5 billion years ago
Only Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms
Has nucleus
Many organelles
Many 2-1,000 μm in size
Evolved 1.5 billion years ago
Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

11. Types of Nutrition: Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
Autotrophs: 1.) photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food, and 2.) chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron is consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food. All autotrophs make their own food!
Heterotrophs: organisms that cannot make its own food—must eat other organisms or organic wastes
Absorbers: produces enzymes that break down food particles outside its body, then absorbs the digested molecules

12. Prokaryotic cells Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms

13. Bacteria Shapes Coccus (spherical shaped) Bacillus (rod shaped)
Singular Plural
Coccus cocci
Bacillus bacilli
Spirillum spirilla
Singular Plural
Coccus cocci
Bacillus bacilli
Spirillum spirilla
Spirillum(spiral/curved walls)

14. Kingdom Archaebacteria
methanic
Kingdom Archaebacteria
halophile
halophile
methanic
sulfurous
halophile

15. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryotes (original life form on earth and gave rise to eukaryotes; believed to be the ancestors of the protists; called the “ancient bacteria”)
Cell structure: no nucleus, no organelles, have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism
Body Forms: unicellular
Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs
Niche: extreme environments such as deep sea volcanic vents, hot springs, salt flats and brine pools, and black organic mud that lacks oxygen (anaerobic)
Reproduction: asexual (binary fission)
Neat Facts: fewer than 100 species

16. Examples of Archaebacteria
Halophiles (Salt lovers)
Acidophiles (love acidic environments)
Sulfurous bacteria (high sulfur environments)
Methanic bacteria (high methane environments)
Anaerobic bacteria (no oxygen)

17. Kingdom Eubacteria

18. Kingdom Eubacteria

19. Kingdom Eubacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryotes - gave rise to eukaryote cell organelles; believed to be the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts; considered the “true bacteria”
Cell Structure: no nucleus; no organelles; cell walls contain complex carbohydrates; all species have at least one inner cell membrane
Body Forms: unicellular
Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemical autotrophs, and heterotrophs
Niche: Common environments, live in and on organisms
Reproduction: mainly asexual (binary fission); sexual (conjugation)
Neat Facts: extremely diverse—5,000 species; many cause disease; some make vitamins and help with digestion; used for food and drugs; decomposers, fix nitrogen

20. Examples of Eubacteria
Strep (Streptococcus aureus)
Cyanobacteria
Salmonella
Clostridium botulinum
E. coli

21. Bacterial Fossils of blue-green algae cyanobacteria
2.6 billion years old
3.2 billion years old
Algal mats preserved in rock
Modern day

22. Eukaryotic Cells – Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Protists – yellow; fungi – red; plantae – green; animalia - blue

23. Kingdom Protista from microscopic to 150 feet large (the “catch-all kingdom”)

24. Diversity in Kingdom Protista

25. Kingdom Protista Cell Type: Eukaryotes (“catch all” kingdom)
Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and some have chloroplasts
Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some multicellular, some colonial
Nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic; ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis
Niche: freshwater and ocean water, in and on organisms; anywhere where there is water or a moist environment
Reproduction: asexual or sexual
Neat Facts: autotrophic protists produce 1/3 of oxygen in the atmosphere; wide range of sizes

26. Examples of Protists Euglena Paramecium Amoeba Diatoms Slime mold
Algae
Kelp
Red Tide

27. Kingdom Fungi

28. Kingdom Fungi Cell Type: Eukaryotes
Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts; cell wall of chitin
Body Forms: some unicellular, most multicellular
Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption); mostly decomposers
Niche: most are terrestrial (land), some live on organisms
Reproduction: asexual and sexual (rarely)
Neat Facts: some cause disease; fix nitrogen; make medicine and foods; major decomposers

29. Examples of Fungi Bread molds Mushrooms Yeast Mildews Truffles
Penicillium

30. Kingdom Plantae

31. Kingdom Plantae Cell Type: Eukaryotes
Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts; cell walls of cellulose; advanced differentiation of tissues (roots, leaves, reproductive structures)
Body Forms: multicellular
Nutrition: photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs
Niche: mostly on land (terrestrial); some water
Reproduction: sexual
Neat Facts: provide oxygen; convert energy to food; used for paper, textiles, medicine

32. Examples of Plants
Trees
Flowers
Ferns
Mosses
Grasses

33. Kingdom Animalia

34. Kingdom Animalia Cell Type: Eukaryotes
Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs
Body Forms: multicellular
Nutrition: heterotrophic
Niche: anywhere—land (most), water, sea and air
Reproduction: sexual and asexual
Neat Facts: used for food, clothing

35. Examples of Animals Snails Sponges Fish Turtles Snakes Mammals Birds
Worms
Insects

36. Major Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms
PHYLUM
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
CELL TYPE
(prokaryote or eukaryote)
Prokaryotes (gave rise to eukaryotes); “ancient bacteria”
Prokaryotes (gave rise to eukaryotic cell organelles); “true bacteria”
Eukaryotes (catch-all kingdom)
Eukaryotes
CELL STRUCTURE
(description of various organelles)
Have cell walls,
lack cell nuclei, and membrane-bound organelles
Cell walls contain complex carbohydrates; all have at least one inner cell membrane
Have a nucleus, mitochondria, some have chloroplasts
Have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts;
Has cell wall of chitin
Have a nucleus, mitochrondria, chloroplasts, cell walls of cellulose; tissue differentiation
Have a nucleus, mitochondria, no chloroplasts, no cell wall; advanced tissue/ organ differentiation
BODY FORMS
(unicellular or multicellular)
Unicellular
Mostly unicellular, some multi-cellular; colonial
Some unicellular, most multicellular
Multicellular
NUTRITION
(autotophic or heterotrophic)
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Photosynthetic and chemical Autotrophs,and heterotrophs
Autotrophic or heterotrophic;
Heterotrophic (absorption);mostlydecomposers
Photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs
Heterotrophic
NICHE
(where they live)
extreme environ-ments, no oxygen, volcanic vents, hot springs, brine pools
Common environments;
Live in and on organisms
Freshwater, seawater, in and on organisms
Most are terrestrial, live on organisms
terrestrial
Anywhere – land, freshwater, oceans, air
REPRODUCTION
(asexual or sexual)
Asexual
Both
Sexual
NEAT FACTS
Fewer than 100 species
Many cause disease; some make vitamins; used for food/drugs
Autotrophic protests produce 1/3 of O2 in atmosphere
Some cause disease; fix nitrogen; make medicine; release free O2 into air
Provide O2; convert energy to food; used for paper, textiles, meds
Food; clothing
EXAMPLES
Methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria; anaerobic bacteria; acidophile bacteria
Strep, anthrax, cyanobacteria, salmonella, gonorrhea, E.coli
Algae, kelp, slime molds, red tides, amoeba, paramecium
Bread molds, mushrooms, yeast, mildews, truffles, penicillin
Trees, flowers, ferns, mosses, grasses, vascular & non-vascular plants
Snails, turtles, fish, mammals, birds, insects, spiders, snakes, worms

37. Phylogenetic Tree
Branched diagram that represents relationships of organisms
Clues to relationships found
Fossil record
Comparative anatomy and physiology
Correlation of DNA

38. http://images. google. com/imgres. imgurl=http://www. med. nyu

39. DICHOTOMOUS KEYS Key used to identify something, like organisms
Uses pairs of contrasting descriptions (A or B)
The correct description either leads to another pair of descriptions or identifies the object.
Always start at #1 each time you use one.

40. Help! Scientists have discovered quite a few new creatures on planet Pamishan. They need your help to identify and classify them. Use the Class set dichotomous key to identify these creatures. QUIETLY write them down and wait for all to finish. Raise your hand if you need help. 2 1