1. Ground Systems for HF Verticals some experimental comparisons to NEC.
Rudy Severns N6LF
antennasbyn6lf.com

2. Some typical questions on verticals
How much of ground system is it worth putting down?
What will I “gain” (in dB!) by adding more radials?
Does it matter if I lay the radials on the ground surface?
Are a few long radials useful?
Are four elevated radials really as good as lots of buried radials?
How well do “gullwing” elevated radials work?

3. That is the subject of today’s talk.
We can use modeling or calculations to answer these questions but most people don’t have a lot confidence in mathematical exercises.
High quality field measurements on real antennas are more likely to be believed.
Over the past year I have done a series of experiments on HF verticals with different ground systems.
That is the subject of today’s talk.

4. Today’s talk is a snapshot of experimental work.
Comment
Today’s talk is a snapshot of experimental work.
The talk will only cover the highlights.
A detailed summary of the test range and instrumentation along with reports on each experiment can be found on my web page: antennasbyn6lf.com .
A copy of this PowerPoint presentation will also be on the web site.
You may also see other interesting information on the web page.

5. What’s the purpose of the ground system?
It’s there to reduce the power absorbed by the soil close to the antenna (within a ¼-wave or so).
The ground system increases your signal by reducing the power dissipated in the soil and maximizing the radiated power.
Any practical ground system will not affect the radiation angle or far-field pattern!

6. Power transmission
antenna 1
antenna 2
antenna equivalent
circuit

7. Measurement schemes
The classical technique is to excite the test antenna with a known power and measure the resulting signal strength at some point in the far field (>2.5 wavelengths for 1/4-wave vertical).
This approach takes great care and good equipment to make accurate measurements.

8. This approach is capable of reliable measurements to <0.1 dB.
The modern alternative is to use a vector network analyzer (VNA) in the transmission mode.
This approach is capable of reliable measurements to <0.1 dB.
The VNA will also give you the input impedance of the antenna at the feed-point.
test antenna
rx antenna

9. Some experimental results

10. The first experiment was a 160 m, ¼-wave wire vertical with two ground stakes and 4 to 64 radials.
Measurements were made with a spectrum analyzer as the receiver.

11. Test Results
delta gain = 2.4 dB

12. A new antenna test range on 40 m

13. Antenna under test

14. Test antenna with sliding height base

15. Adding radials to the base

16. Elevated radials

17. Elevated radials close-up

18. Loop receiving antenna

19. Receiving antenna at 40’
N7MQ holding
up the mast!

20. Network analyzers note, automatic, organic, heating system
Homebrew N2PK
HP3577A with S-box

21. Inside the N2PK VNA

22. A 1/4-wave 40m tubing vertical.
Test antennas
A 1/4-wave 40m tubing vertical.
An 1/8-wave 40m tubing vertical with top loading.
An 1/8-wave 40m tubing vertical resonated with a base inductor.
A 40 m Hamstick mobile whip.
40m SteppIR vertical

23. 1/8-wave, top-loaded, 40 m vertical

24. What about a few elevated radials versus a large number of surface radials?

25. NEC modeling prediction

26. Lifting the radials only a few inches makes a substantial difference.
NEC predictions
There will be a very rapid change in peak gain as we raise the base of the antenna and the radials above ground.
Lifting the radials only a few inches makes a substantial difference.
When the base of the antenna and the radials have been elevated several feet, the peak signal will be very close to that for a large number of buried radials.

27. I began with sixty four 33’ wire radials lying on the ground surface.
Experiment 3
I began with sixty four 33’ wire radials lying on the ground surface.
The length of the vertical was adjusted to be resonant at 7.2 MHz.
I removed the radials in the sequence 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, measuring S21 as I went.
With only 4 radials left I then raised the radials and the base of the antenna above ground incrementally measuring S21 at each height.
There were no ground stakes and the feedline was isolated with a choke.

28. 4-64 radials lying on ground surface
5.8 dB

29. 4 radials raised above ground
5.9 dB

30. NEC modeling predicts that four elevated radials will perform as well as 64 radials lying on the ground.
In this example, measurements show no significant difference in signal strength between 64 radials lying on the ground and 4 radials at 4’!

31. Some more elevated radial experiments

32. Gullwing radials a la N6BV

33. Variations in elevated radials
configuration
number
|S21|
[dB] Zi
[Ohms]
h=33.5’ 1
39+j6.3
base & 4 radials
elevated 48” 2
-0.47
36+j6.2
base at ground level
radial ends at 48” 3
-0.65
29-j11
gullwing, base at ground level
ends at 48” 4
-0.36
39+j0.9
base & radials at 48”
four 17.5’ radials, 2.2 uH L

34. comment on four elevated radials
From these experiments and NEC predictions it would seem that four elevated radials are all you need.
That’s deceiving! Antennas with only a few elevated radials suffer from a number of problems:
hi-Q, radials tune the vertical
asymmetric currents in the radials leading to pattern asymmetry.
tuning and current symmetry are very sensitive to ground and mechanical variations as well as nearby conductors.

35. More on elevated radials
Use more than 4 elevated radials :
the Q and radial current asymmetries decrease.
tuning is less sensitive
the reactive part of the feed-point impedance changes more slowly as you add radials so you have a better SWR bandwidth.
however, the ground loss does not improve much.

36. Some experiments with radials lying on the ground surface

37. Measured improvement over a single ground stake
f=7.2 MHz

38. Caution!
Your mileage may vary!
My soil is pretty good but for poorer soils expect more improvement with more radials.
The degree of improvement will also depend on the frequency:
soil characteristics change with frequency,
at a given distance in wavelengths the field intensity increases with frequency.

39. Measured base impedances

40. Antenna resonance versus radial number

41. Radial current for different heights

42. A current sensor

43. Radial current measurements

44. Measured current distribution on a radial

45. Radial current distribution
Radial number
Relative radial current normalized to 1 A total 1
0.239 2 3
0.252 4
0.269

46. NEC modeling prediction

47. Lets do an experiment:
isolate the base of the antenna with a common mode choke (a balun).
lay out sixty four 33’ radials and adjust the vertical height to resonance (reference height).
remove all but four of the radials
Measure S21 with the reference height.
Measure S21 with the vertical shortened to re-resonate.
Measure S21 with the reference height as we shorten the radials.

48. Effect of shorting radials, constant height

49. Radial current distribution

50. The lesson here!
When you have only a few radials lying on the ground you can have much higher losses than expected!
These losses can be reduced by shortening the radial lengths, i.e. less copper = less loss.

51. Practical example: Field day scenario
You want a 40 m vertical for field day.
¼-wave = 33’. So you start with about 33’ of aluminum tubing for the radiator and four 33’ wire radials.
You erect this, with the radials lying on the ground and it’s resonant well below the band!
What to do?
Nothing, use a tuner and move on,
Shorten vertical until it’s resonant,
add more radials
or, shorten the radials until the antenna is resonant.
Which is best?

52. Direct measurement of several options
Do nothing: G= 0 dB
Shorten height: G=-0.8 dB
Shorten radials: G=+3.5 dB
Use 16 radials: G=+4 dB
Use 64 radials: G=+5.9 dB

53. Another experiment

54. small variations in radial layout, coupling to other conductors,
An observation
When you have only four radials the test results are always a bit squirrelly:
small variations in radial layout,
coupling to other conductors,
like the feed-line,
all effect the measurements making close repeatability difficult between experiments.
The whole system is very sensitive!
This nonsense goes away as the number of radials increases!

55. increased loss with longer radials
Summary
Sparse radial screens (less than 16 radials) can have a number of problems:
increased loss with longer radials
unequal current distributions between radials.
system resonance shifts.
A few long radials can be worse than shorter ones.
screen resonances can alter the radiation pattern as the radials begin to radiate substantially.

56. Try to use at least 8 radials but 16 is better.
Summary continued
Try to use at least 8 radials but 16 is better.
The more radials you use, the longer they can be.
A number of 1/8-wave radials will be better than half that number of ¼-wave radials. At least until you have 32 or more radials.
In elevated systems:
try to use at least 8 radials
you can use radials shorter than ¼-wave and either re-resonate with a small L or make the vertical taller or add some top loading.
the “gullwing” geometry can work.