1. Initial Investigations into the Potential and Limitations of Remote Sensed Data for Irrigation Scheduling in High Value Horticultural Crops

2. Outline Background – irrigation system requirements into the future Use of NDVI in irrigation scheduling Thermal – the ultimate irrigation scheduling tool?

3. Background Ongoing switch from flood/furrow irrigation to drip in perennial horticulture Supported through the Integrated Horticulture Systems Project in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area Aims to see majority of horticulture converted to pressurized irrigation systems by 2010

4. Drip and Flood Water Use

5. Yields

6. Managing High Tech Irrigation Systems 6 Soil probes for 6 ha paddock Assume each probe measured 1m2 So we know what is happening on: Method lacks ability to see what is happening over the whole vineyard Only infer the plant stress based on the soil moisture, plants can also be stressed due to a number of other factors such as soil salinity, Can we get something better ?

7. Large Scale Low Cost Irrigation Scheduling - NDVI for Irrigation Scheduling/Management/Benchmarking

8. NDVI NDVI = (R NIR – R red ) / (R NIR + R red ) NDVI = (Band 4 - Band 3) / (Band 4 + Band 3)

9. Irrigation Scheduling – FAO 56 ETc = ETo x Kc Readily available from Weather stations/SILO Relates actual water use of the crop to reference water use -Large variation and crop/management specific NDVI to Kc functional relationship

10. Canopy Cover and Light Interception Vs WU Williams and Ayars (2005) McClymont et al. ECC = 1.2 NDVI – 0.2 (extrapolated from Johnson and Scholasch, 2005)

11. Irrigation Scheduling from Remote Sensing indices Determination of Kc from NDVI / EAS Data ETo from Weather Station Incorporates management/soil/water/salinity constraints On Ground NDVI / EAS Images from Satellite or quad bike Representing Individual Paddocks Satellite, airborne or On-ground Spatial Measurements Potential Evaporation based on Atmospheric Demand ETc = ETo X Kc Actual crop evapotranspiration across regions

12. CRC IF Irrigateway server NDVI + ETo data Harvesting Daily delivery of tailored irrigation scheduling information direct to irrigator on SMS Initialisation data – system parameters Benchmarking and data mining ETc = ETo x kc

13. SMS Drip Scheduler Uses simple SMS text messages for delivering irrigation scheduling information Will be tested with 20 horticultural growers this coming season in MIA irriGATEWAY Dripper run times (min) for Yday: A-250, B-330, C-270. 2 days: A-510, B-620, C-545. 3 days: A-790, B-920, C-770.

14. NAFE NAFE 06 NDVI data will be used for fine tuning of EAS/ECC relationships to NDVI Investigation into scaling effects from high resolution NDVI (NAFE 06) data to Landsat NDVI in relation to providing irrigation scheduling information – sensitivity analysis

15. Thermal

16. Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) What is CWSI? Relates canopy temperature to an index between 0 and 1 indicating how stressed the plant is: 0 = No stress 1 = High stress Measured with IR temperature sensor or thermal camera (T c -T a ) NWSBL = Non water stressed base line – equated fully open stomata and fully transpiring canopy (T c -T a ) NTUBL = non-transpiring upper baseline –equated to temp. of non- transpiring canopy with stomata closed (T c -T a ) NWSBL (T c -T a ) NTUBL

17. Agrosense - Irriscan Trials undertaken in MIA in 2002 Collaboration with MIGAL Galilee Technology Centre, Israel 0.1 m 2 Resolution 1250 ha per day On-site calibration

18. Results

19. Canopy Temperature and Salinity Stress 1 4 3 2

20. Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) – Jones et al. What is CWSI? Relates canopy temperature to an index between 0 and 1 indicating how stressed the plant is: 0 = No stress 1 = High stress Measured with IR temperature sensor or thermal camera T dry = upper bound for canopy temp. – equated to temp. of non-transpiring canopy with stomata closed T wet = non-stressed baseline – equated fully open stomata and fully transpiring canopy

21. Wet Reference Surfaces

22. Results Wet Reference Surfaces

23. NAFE Assessment of alternative methods of determining baselines for CWSI Comparison of PLMR data with high intensity on-ground gravimetric soil moisture content sensing

24. Contact Us Phone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176 Email: enquiries@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au Thank you