1. Biology Topic 3 Review

2. Cladogram

3. Dichotomous Keys Used to identify organisms
Paired set of questions with two choices

4. Levels of Organization

5. Binomial Nomenclature
Two word naming system
Scientific name
Uses Genus and Species names
Ex. Dogs: Canis familiaris

6. Eukaryote
Prokaryote
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Ex: Bacteria
Contain nucleus and membrane organelles.
Ex: Protista, Fungi, Plants, Animals

7. Three Domains Archaea: Prokaryotes/live in harsh environments
Cell wall made polysaccharides
Bacteria: Prokaryotes
Can preform photosynthesis
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Eukaryota
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

8. Protists Unicellular/Multicellular Eukaryotes
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Can perform photosynthesis
Cell may contain Chloroplast

9. Plants Multicellular eukaryotes Autotrophs Perform photosynthesis
Cell wall made of Cellulose

10. Fungi (Decomposers) Multicellular eukaryotes
(yeast are the only unicellular fungi)
Heterotrophs
Cell wall made of Chitin

11. Animals
Multicellular eukaryotes
Heterotrophs

12. Plants Plant cell structure – cell walls, large vacuole, chloroplasts
Photosynthesis
Meristem: region of cell division which produces growth in plants

13. Stomata

14. 4 Divisons Nonvascular (Bryophytes) – no true roots/stems/leaves
- no Xylem or Phloem
– ex: mosses
2) Seedless vascular plants – Ferns
3) Vascular with seeds in cones – Gymnosperms (pines, cycad, spruce)
4) Vascular with seeds in fruits – Angiosperms – flowering plants

15. Plants Types of Vascular Tissue
A) Xylem – transports water from roots to leaves
-by capillary action/transpiration pull through cohesion and adhesion
B) Phloem – transports sugars (glucose) from leaves to roots

16. Gymnosperms Non-flowering vascular plants Reproduce with
cones that contain seeds
Ex. Conifers (pine trees)

17. Angiosperms Flowering vascular plants
Flower is main reproductive organ
Seeds are enclosed within a fruit

18. Angiosperms

19. Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Plant cells
Contains the pigment chlorophyll.

20. Photosynthesis
Water and Carbon Dioxide used to produce Glucose and Oxygen
6H2O+6CO2+LightC6H12O6+O2
Occurs in the chloroplast

21. Autotrophs
Plants, some protist and some bacteria that contain chlorophyll use light energy from the sun to produce food (glucose).

22. Photosynthesis
The process used by producers to convert sunlight to chemical energy in glucose
Overall equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O O2
Chloroplasts are the cellular site of photosynthesis. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs on the inner membrane called the thylakoid. The dark reaction (aka Calvin Cycle) occurs in the stroma
Pigments absorb light energy
Chlorophyll

23. Wavelength are absorbed by Chlorophyll drive photosynthesis
Photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll. In the graph above, notice how chlorophyll a absorbs light mostly in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum, whereas chlorophyll b absorbs light in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum. 23

24. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down food to release its energy.
-This energy is then stored in ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
C6H12O O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic
Every living thing preforms Cellular Respiration!!!!

25. ATP Energy storing molecule (ATP)
Can be used for quick energy by the cell converted to ADP – releasing energy
Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

26. ATP ATP/ADP cycle – when energy is needed for cell work ATP
loses a phosphate to become ADP and P
-ATP: Stores energy
-ADP: Release energy
Main product of Cellular Respiration is ATP

27. Cellular Respiration Glycolysis is the first step of both
forms of respiration and occurs in
the cytoplasm
Break down of glucose

28. Cellular Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic NO O2 2 ATP Reactants: Glucose
2 types of Fermentation
-alcoholic: ex: yeast
-Products: CO2 and ethanol
-lactic acid ex: muscle cells
-Product: lactic acid
O2 required
Occurs in the mitochondria
38 ATP
Reactants: Glucose + O2
Products: H2O+CO2 + ATP

29. Mitochondria “Powerhouse” of the cell
Produces energy in the form of ATP
Site of Aerobic respiration

30. Polarity
What is Polar – A water molecule, because of its shape, is a polar molecule. That is, it has one side that is positively charged and one side that is negatively charged.

31. Polarity Water does not mix with NON-POLAR molecules
Polar and polar substance can dissolve in water. Ex: Salt and water

32. Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion- water sticking to itself. Adhesion- water sticking to something else.
Influenced by Polarity!!!!

33. Capillary Action Pulling of water up….Adhesion and Cohesion
Water is transported in plants through both cohesive and adhesive forces; these forces
pull water and the dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves by capillary action and transpiration pull.

34. Surface Tension
The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon known as surface tension.
Cohesion holds hydrogen bonds together to create surface tension on water.

35. Density of Ice
A water freezes, its molecules spread apart making frozen water less dense than liquid water. Therefore, ice floats
-This is what keeps lakes from freezing solid!!!!!

36. High Heat Capacity
Water's high heat capacity is a property caused by hydrogen bonding among water molecules.
Waters high heat capacity prevents water temperatures from fluctuating to quickly, preventing stress on marine organisms