1. Matter & Chemical Interactions

2. Matter Matter- Anything that takes up space and has mass
The substance that an object is made of
Every form of matter has two kinds of properties- physical and chemical

3. Physical Properties of Matter
A physical property is a characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
Physical state
Temperature for freezing, boiling, or vaporizing
Ability to dissolve in water
Hardness, texture, color, and flexibility
Can be used to classify matter (ex. Metals are flexible and can conduct heat and electricity)

4. Chemical Properties of Matter
Chemical properties are characteristics of a pure substance that describe its ability to change into different substances
Properties can be used to classify substances
Examples: Ability to burn and/or react with other substances
Only observed when the original substance is changed into a different substance
New substances may have different properties then the original substances

5. Changes in Matter
Matter can undergo two basic types of changes- physical changes and chemical changes
Physical changes- alters the form or appearance of matter but does not form any new substances
Chemical changes- changes in matter that produce one or more new substances

6. Physical Changes of Matter
A substance that undergoes a physical change is still the same substance after the change
Changes of State-
Matter can exist in three phases or states
Gaseous- Has no definite shape or volume (ex.-water vapor)
Liquid- Has no definite shape but a definite volume (ex.- water)
Solid- Has a definite shape and volume (ex.- ice)
A change in state, such as from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas, is an example of a physical change

7. Chemical Changes in Matter
A substance undergoing a chemical change is transformed into a different substance
In some chemical changes, a single substance changes into one or more other substances (ex. When hydrogen peroxide is poured on a cut it breaks down into water and oxygen gas)
In other chemical changes, two or more substances combine to form different substances (ex. Iron oxide forms when iron combines with oxygen in the air)
Unlike a physical change, a chemical change produces new substances with properties different from those of the original substances

8. Conservation of Mass
Law of conservation of mass- The principle that the total amount of matter is neither created nor destroyed during any chemical or physical change
No mass is lost or gained during a chemical or physical change
Since mass measures matter, this law is sometimes called the law of conservation of matter

9. Elements
Element- A pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by ordinary chemical or physical means
Elements are pure substances, composed of only one type of atom
Can be identified by specific chemical and physical properties
92 elements occur naturally, the rest have been synthetically created in labs
Elements are often called the building blocks of matter because all matter is composed of one element or a combination of two or more elements

10. Atoms
Atoms- The smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element
The basic particle from which all elements are made
The building blocks of matter
Made up of three main types of particles:
Protons- Positively charged
particles located in the nucleus
Neutrons- Particles with no
charge (neutral) found in the nucleus
Electrons- Negatively charged
particles that whirl around in energy
shells beyond the nucleus of an atom

11. Molecules
Atoms of elements can chemically combine to form larger particles called molecules
Molecule- A combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Represented by chemical formulas (ex.- water H2O)
Can be made of two or more of the same kind of atoms (ex.- atmospheric oxygen O2)
Can be made of different types of atoms (ex.- water H2O)

12. Compounds
Compound- A substance made of atoms of different elements that are chemically combined in a set ratio (ex.- table salt NaCl)
When elements are chemically combined, they form compounds having properties that are different from those of the uncombined elements
A compound may be represented by a chemical formula, which shows the elements in the compound and the ratio of the atoms
When atoms combine, only the electrons in the
outermost energy shells combine
This combining of elements to form
new substances is called chemical bonding

13. Mixtures
Mixture- Matter that is made of two or more substances- elements, compounds, or both- that are together in the same place but are not chemically combined
Mixtures differ from compounds in two ways:
Each substance in a mixture keeps its individual properties
The parts of a mixture are not combined in a set ratio
Components can be separated out by normal physical means

14. The Periodic Table
Periodic Table- A table in which the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number
The table has one square for each element
Each square lists the element’s name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and average atomic mass
Periodic Vocabulary:
Chemical Symbol- A one or two letter representation of an element
Atomic number- The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Average Atomic mass- The average mass of an atom for a particular element, based upon the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom (based upon the combined percentages of all its isotopes)

15. Organizing the Periodic Table
Properties of an element can be predicted from its location in the periodic table
Elements are placed in horizontal rows (called periods) based on atomic number
Atomic number increases across a period
Both the number of protons and the number of electrons increases by one as you move from one element to the next
Elements are placed in vertical columns (called groups or families) based on having the same number of electrons in their outermost energy shell which gives them similar chemical properties

16. The Periodic Table