1. Interactive Chalkboard1

2. Unit 1: Energy and Motion
Table of Contents 1
Unit 1: Energy and Motion
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
1.1: The Methods of Science
1.2: Standards of Measurement
1.3: Communicating with Graphs

3. The Methods of Science
1.1
What is Science?
Science is a method for studying the natural world.
Uses observation and investigation to gain knowledge

4. Major Categories of Science
The Methods of Science
1.1
Major Categories of Science
Science can be classified according to three main categories.
Life science – living things.
Earth science- Earth and space.
Physical science –matter and energy.
Sometimes, a scientific study will overlap the categories.

5. Science Explains Nature
The Methods of Science
1.1
Science Explains Nature
Scientific explanations help you understand the natural world.
Science knowledge is constantly changing and being modified because of:
New information
Better technologies

6. The Methods of Science
1.1
Investigations
Scientists learn new information by performing investigations:
Observation
Experimentation
Testing Models

8. The Methods of Science
1.1
Scientific Methods
Organized set of investigation procedures = scientific method
Six common steps are shown.
Usually begins with an observation to determine the problem.

9. Researching and Gathering Information
The Methods of Science
1.1
Researching and Gathering Information
Before testing, it is useful to learn as much as possible about the problem.
Have others found information that will help determine what tests to do and what tests will not be helpful?

10. The Methods of Science
1.1
Forming a Hypothesis
Hypothesis: possible explanation using what you know and observe.

11. Testing a Hypothesis 1.1 Some are tested by making observations.
The Methods of Science
1.1
Testing a Hypothesis
Some are tested by making observations.
Others tested by building a model and relating it to real-life situations.
A common way to test a hypothesis is to perform an experiment.

12. The Methods of Science
1.1
Testing a Hypothesis
An experiment tests the effect of one thing on another using controlled conditions.

13. The Methods of Science
1.1
Variables
A variable is a factor that can have more than one value.
Example Experiment: Determine which of three fertilizers helps plants to grow the biggest.
Possible factors: plant or soil type, amount of sunlight and water, room temperature, and type of fertilizer.

14. The Methods of Science
1.1
Variables
The variable you change to test is called the independent variable.
What is it in this experiment?
Plant
Amount of Water
Amount of Sun
Fertilizer Type
Height after two weeks A
4 oz. every three days
6hr/day
16cm B
14cm C
18cm D
none
10cm

15. The Methods of Science
1.1
Variables
The dependent variable changes according to the changes in the other variables.
What is the dependent variable?
Plant
Amount of Water
Amount of Sun
Fertilizer Type
Height after two weeks A
4 oz. every three days
6hr/day
16cm B
14cm C
18cm D
none
10cm

16. Constants and Controls
The Methods of Science
1.1
Constants and Controls
A factor that does not change when other variables change is called a constant.
What are the constants in this experiment?
Plant
Amount of Water
Amount of Sun
Fertilizer Type
Height after two weeks A
4 oz. every three days
6hr/day
16cm B
14cm C
18cm D
none
10cm

17. Constants and Controls
The Methods of Science
1.1
Constants and Controls
The fourth plant is not fertilized.
This plant is a control. A control is the standard by which the test results can be compared.
Plant
Amount of Water
Amount of Sun
Fertilizer Type
Height after two weeks A
4 oz. every three days
6hr/day
16cm B
14cm C
18cm D
none
10cm

18. The Methods of Science
1.1
Analyzing the Data
Observations and data must be organized into easy-to-read tables and graphs to allow for analysis.
If the data are not organized, wrong conclusions can be drawn.

19. The Methods of Science
1.1
Drawing Conclusions
Based on the analysis of the data, it is decided whether or not the hypothesis is supported.
An experiment must be repeatable.
Findings are supported when other scientists perform the same experiment and get the same results.

20. The Methods of Science
1.1
Being Objective
A bias occurs when what the scientist expects changes how the results are viewed.
Scientists can lessen bias by running as many trials as possible and by keeping accurate notes of each observation made.

21. Visualizing with Models
The Methods of Science
1.1
Visualizing with Models
Sometimes, scientists cannot see everything that they are testing
Too large, too small, takes too long

22. Visualizing with Models
The Methods of Science
1.1
Visualizing with Models
A model represents an idea, event, or object to help people better understand it.

23. The Methods of Science
1.1
High-Tech Models
Today, many scientists use computers to build models.
NASA experiments involving space flight would not be practical without computers.

24. High-Tech Models 1.1 Another type of model is a simulator.
The Methods of Science
1.1
High-Tech Models
Another type of model is a simulator.

25. Scientific Theories and Laws
The Methods of Science
1.1
Scientific Theories and Laws
A scientific theory is an explanation of things or events supported by many observations and investigations. It is not a guess.
Just because a scientific theory has data supporting it does not mean it will never change. (new technology, etc)

26. Scientific Theories and Laws
The Methods of Science
1.1
Scientific Theories and Laws
Scientific law: statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all the time.
Laws tell you what will happen under certain conditions, but they don’t explain why or how something happens.
Gravity is an example of a scientific law.

27. Scientific Theories and Laws
The Methods of Science
1.1
Scientific Theories and Laws
A theory can be used to explain a law.
For example, many theories have been proposed to explain how the law of gravity works.
Even so, there are few theories in science and even fewer laws.

28. Using ScienceTechnology
The Methods of Science
1.1
Using ScienceTechnology
Technology is the application of science to help people.
What are some examples?

29. Question 1 Answer 1.1 What are the three main categories of science?
Section Check
1.1
Question 1
What are the three main categories of science?
Answer
The three main categories of science are life, earth, and physical.

30. Question 2 Answer 1.1 What is a common way of testing a hypothesis?
Section Check
1.1
Question 2
What is a common way of testing a hypothesis?
Answer
A common way to test a hypothesis is to perform an experiment.

31. Question 3 1.1 Which of the following is the group in an
Section Check
1.1
Question 3
Which of the following is the group in an
experiment in which all conditions are kept the
same?
A. standard
B. independent variable
C. experimental
D. control

32. Answer 1.1 The answer is D. Conditions are kept the same
Section Check
1.1
Answer
The answer is D. Conditions are kept the same
in the control group.

33. Standards of Measurement
1.2
Units and Standards
A standard is an exact quantity that people agree to use to compare measurements.
Examples:
Meter
Second
Would a “hand” be a good standard of measurement? Why or why not?

34. Standards of Measurement
1.2
Measurement Systems
Suppose the label on a ball of string indicates that the length of the string is 150.
Is the length 150 feet, 150 m, or 150 cm?
For a measurement to make sense, it must include a number and a unit.

35. Standards of Measurement
1.2
Measurement Systems
The English system of measurement is commonly used in the United States.
Most other nations use the metric systema system of measurement based on multiples of ten.

36. International System of Units
Standards of Measurement
1.2
International System of Units
All SI standards are universally accepted and understood by scientists throughout the world.
Ex: All kilograms used throughout the world must be exactly the same as the standard kilogram kept in France.

37. International System of Units
Standards of Measurement
1.2
International System of Units
Each type of SI measurement has a base unit and symbol.
All other SI units are obtained from these seven units.

38. Standards of Measurement
1.2
SI Prefixes
The SI system is easy to use because it is based on multiples of ten.

39. Standards of Measurement
1.2
SI Prefixes
Prefixes are used with the names of the units to indicate what multiple of ten should be used with the units.
The most frequently used prefixes are shown.

40. Converting Between SI Units
Standards of Measurement
1.2
Converting Between SI Units
A conversion factor is a ratio that is equal to one and is used to change one unit to another.
For example, there are 1,000 mL in 1 L, so 1,000 mL = 1 L.

41. Converting Between SI Units
Standards of Measurement
1.2
Converting Between SI Units
For example, to convert L to mL, multiply L by a conversion factor.

42. Converting Between SI Units
Standards of Measurement
1.2
Converting Between SI Units
To convert units, multiply by a conversion factor.
Use the conversion factor with new units (mL) in the numerator and the old units (L) in the denominator.

43. Choosing a Unit of Length
Standards of Measurement
1.2
Choosing a Unit of Length
The size of the unit you measure with will depend on the size of the object being measured.
You probably would use the centimeter to measure the length of your pencil and the meter to measure the length of your classroom.

44. Choosing a Unit of Length
Standards of Measurement
1.2
Choosing a Unit of Length
By choosing an appropriate unit, you avoid large-digit numbers and numbers with many decimal places.
Use 21 km vs. 21,000 m
Use 13 mm vs m

45. Standards of Measurement
1.2
Measuring Volume
The amount of space occupied by an object is called its volume.
The volume of a solid rectangle is found by: V = 1 x w x h
If the measurements are in centimeters, the units for volume would then be cubic centimeters, cm3.

46. Measuring Liquid Volume
Standards of Measurement
1.2
Measuring Liquid Volume
Most common units for liquid volumes are liters (L) and milliliters (mL).
1 mL = 1 cm3
1 L = 1 dm3 (cubic decimeter)

47. Measuring Liquid Volume
Standards of Measurement
1.2
Measuring Liquid Volume
Suppose you wanted to convert a from liters to cubic centimeters.
You use conversion factors to convert L to mL and then mL to cm3.

48. Standards of Measurement
1.2
Measuring Matter
Mass is a measurement of the quantity of matter in an object.
A bowling ball has a mass of about 5,000 g.

49. Standards of Measurement
1.2
Density

50. Standards of Measurement
1.2
Derived Units
The measurement unit for density, g/cm3 is a combination of SI units.
A unit obtained by combining different SI units is called a derived unit.
An SI unit multiplied by itself also is a derived unit. (cm3 )

51. Measuring Time and Temperature
Standards of Measurement
1.2
Measuring Time and Temperature
The SI unit for time is the second.
For most scientific work, temperature is measured in Celsius (C).
Water Freezing= 0 C
Water Boiling = 100 C

52. Standards of Measurement
1.2
Kelvin and Fahrenheit
The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K).
Zero on the Kelvin scale (0 K) is known as absolute zero. (Impossible to reach)
Absolute zero is equal to -273C which is 273 below the freezing point of water.

53. Kelvin and Fahrenheit 1.2 Kelvin = 273 + C
Standards of Measurement
1.2
Kelvin and Fahrenheit
Kelvin = C
So, on the Kelvin scale, water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K.
You are probably most familiar with the Fahrenheit scale, which was based roughly on the temperature of the human body, 98.6.

54. Question 1 1.2 A __________ is an exact quantity that people
Section Check
1.2
Question 1
A __________ is an exact quantity that people
agree to use to compare measurements.
A. variable
B. standard
C. unit
D. control

55. Answer 1.2 The answer is B. SI standards are universally
Section Check
1.2
Answer
The answer is B. SI standards are universally
accepted and understood by scientists
throughout the world.

56. Question 2 1.2 A nanogram is equal to __________ milligrams.
Section Check
1.2
Question 2
A nanogram is equal to __________ milligrams.
A. 1 x 10-9
B. 1 x 109
C. 1 x 10-6
D. 1 x 106

57. Answer 1.2 The answer is C. A nanogram is 1 x 10-9 g,
Section Check
1.2
Answer
The answer is C. A nanogram is 1 x 10-9 g,
and a milligram is 1 x 10-3 g.

58. Question 3 Answer 1.2 The amount of space occupied by an object is
Section Check
1.2
Question 3
The amount of space occupied by an object is
called _________?
Answer
The answer is volume. To find the volume of a
solid rectangle, measure the rectangle’s length
by its width by its height.

59. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
A Visual Display
A graph is a visual display of information or data.
This is a graph that shows a girl walking her dog.

60. A Visual Display 1.3 The horizontal or the x-axis, measures time.
Communicating with Graphs
1.3
A Visual Display
The horizontal or the x-axis, measures time.
Time is the independent variable because as it changes, it affects the measure of another variable.

61. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
A Visual Display
The distance that they walk is the dependent variable, measured on the vertical or y-axis.

62. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
A Visual Display
Different kinds of graphsline, bar, and circleare appropriate for displaying different types of information.
Graphs make it easier to understand complex patterns by displaying data in a visual manner.

63. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Line Graphs
A line graph can show any relationship where the dependent variable changes due to a change in the independent variable.

64. Constructing Line Graphs
Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Constructing Line Graphs
The most important factor in making a line graph is always using the x-axis for the independent variable.
The y-axis always is used for the dependent variable.

65. Constructing Line Graphs
Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Constructing Line Graphs
Another factor in constructing a graph involves units of measurement.
All measurements for each variable must be graphed in the same units.

66. Constructing Line Graphs
Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Constructing Line Graphs
Scientists use a variety of tools, such as computers and graphing calculators to help them draw graphs.

67. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Bar Graphs
A bar graph is useful for comparing information collected by counting.
Example: the number of students in every classroom

68. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Bar Graphs
You could show these data in a bar graph like the one shown.

69. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Bar Graphs
As on a line graph, the independent variable is on the x-axis and the dependent variable is on the y-axis.

70. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Circle Graphs
A circle graph, or pie graph, is used to show how some fixed quantity is broken down into parts.
The circular pie represents the total.
The slices represent the parts and usually are represented as percentages of the total.

71. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Circle Graphs
Example: Percentage of buildings in a neighborhood using each of a variety of heating fuels.

72. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Circle Graphs
This graph starts with 72 buildings in the neighborhood.

73. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Circle Graphs
For each type of heating fuel, you divide the number of buildings using each type of fuel by the total (72).

74. Communicating with Graphs
1.3
Circle Graphs
You then multiply that decimal by 360 to determine the angle that the decimal makes in the circle.
Eighteen buildings use steam. Therefore, 18  72 x 360 = 90 on the circle graph.
You then would measure 90 on the circle with your protractor to show 25 percent.

75. Question 1 1.3 A graph is a(n) __________ of information or data.
Section Check
1.3
Question 1
A graph is a(n) __________ of information or
data.
A. list
B. analysis
C. visual display
D. conclusion

76. Answer 1.3 The answer is C. Graphs make complex patterns
Section Check
1.3
Answer
The answer is C. Graphs make complex patterns
easier to understand by displaying data in a
visual manner.

77. Question 2 1.3 Which of the following types of graphs would
Section Check
1.3
Question 2
Which of the following types of graphs would
be the best choice for representing a child’s
growth over time?
A. line
B. bar
C. circle
D. contour

78. Answer 1.3 The answer is A. Line graphs often show how a
Section Check
1.3
Answer
The answer is A. Line graphs often show how a
relationship between variables changes over
time.

79. Question 3 1.3 You need to draw a circle graph to represent the
Section Check
1.3
Question 3
You need to draw a circle graph to represent the
following data. Determine the angle on the
circle that accurately represents the number of
Spanish-speaking households.
Language Spoken
Number of Households
English
127
Spanish
179
French 21

80. Answer 1.3 There are 327 households, 179 of which are
Section Check
1.3
Answer
There are 327 households, 179 of which are
Spanish-speaking. 179 is 55% of the total, so the
angle will be 55% of 360º, or 198º.
Language Spoken
Number of Households
English
127
Spanish
179
French 21

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