1. CELLS

2. History of Cells
Robert Hooke (1665)- Hooke first observed cells in a piece of cork. Hooke was the first to give them the name cells.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673)- The first person to observe living cells.

3. What are we made of ?

4. What are cells ? Cells are the building blocks of life
Too small to be seen without a microscope
Cells are different shapes and sizes.

5. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
All cells come from other cells

6. Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden- concluded that all plants are made of cells.
Theodor Schwan- Schwan came to the same conclusion as Schleiden except his idea applied to animals.
Rudolf Virchow- Came to the conclusion that all cells come from previous cells.
All three scientists made contributions to the cell theory.

7. CELLS

8. CELLS ARE NOT ALL ALIKE
Cells have many different shapes, sizes and functions.
Your body has 200 different types of cells.

9. Surface Area
The size of all cells are limited by their surface area to volume ratio.
If cells became too large they would not be absorb nutrients and remove waste throughout the entire cell.

10. Shape Helps Function
A diversity of shape effects the diversity of function
Example: Nerve Cell

14. Two Main Types of Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells

15. Prokaryotic Cells The simplest form of cells
- Lack complex membrane bound organelles and have no nucleus.
- Bacteria are Prokaryotic cells
Single cell organisms
Prokaryotic cells existed on earth long before eukaryotic cells.

17. Types of Bacteria E-coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus

18. Eukaryotic Cells More complex than Prokaryotic Cells
CONTAIN MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
Contain a nucleus
-Make up the cells of most plants and animals
-10 to 50 µm or .002 inches.

19. Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

20. Eukaryotic Cells

21. Organelles
Organelles- Part of the cell that performs a specific job.

22. Multicellular organization
Cells → Tissues → Organ → Organ System

24. CELL MEMBRANE

25. Cell Membrane Functions (Found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic)
Separates the cell from its surroundings
Gatekeeper
Regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Protection
Protects and supports the cell and also gives the cell its shape.
Communication between cells
Allows messages to be passed through out the entire organism.

26. Cell Membrane (also called plasma membrane)
Selectively permeable
Allows certain molecules to enter while keeping others out.
Lipid bilayer
Made of phospholipids
Have a polar head and two nonpolar tails
Hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

27. Lipid Bilayer

28. Parts of the Membrane Peripheral Proteins Integral Proteins
Found inside or outside the membrane
Integral Proteins
Imbedded in the membrane
Act as channels for molecules to pass through
Can also act as a pump for molecules to pass through
Carbohydrates
Hold cells together
Docking sites
Communication

30. Fluid Mosaic Model Molecules can move laterally
Membrane more like a liquid
Be able to describe the fluid mosaic model

32. Cell Wall Found in plants only Provides support and protection
Membrane found inside of cell wall

33. Notice
Notice cells are 3-d not flat

34. Cytoplasm (found in all cells)
Everything that lies between membrane and nucleus
A jelly like substance called cytosol
Allows material to move around in the cell

35. The Nucleus

36. Nucleus Eukaryotic cells only Command Center
Stores genetic information

37. Structure of the Nucleus
The nucleus has three main parts
Nuclear Envelope- Membrane that surrounds the nucleus also a bilayer
Nuclear pores- small openings in the envelope
Nucleolus- location where ribosome are made

38. Draw Picture of Nucleus

41. Ribosomes Found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Organelle where proteins are made
Free floating ribosomes
Make proteins for inside the cytoplasm
Other ribosomes attach to ER
Makes proteins for the membrane to be exported

43. Golgi apparatus (in plants and animal cells)
Works closely with the ER
Process, packaging and secreting organelle of the cell.
Sorts and packages proteins made by the rough ER.

45. Endoplasmic reticulum (In plants and animal cells)
A complex network that transports material throughout the inside of the cell
Name often shortened to ER
Two types
Rough ER
Smooth ER

47. Rough ER Has ribosome attached to its surface
Intercellular highway, a pathway for molecules to move throughout the cell.
Manufactures proteins for the membrane and for those to be shipped out of the cell

48. Smooth ER No ribosomes on surface
Participates in the making and breaking down of lipids
Used to detoxify our cells of drugs like alcohol

51. Mitochondria (in animal and plant cells)
Power Station
Makes chemical energy into usable energy (ATP)
Cells with highest energy need, have the most mitochondria
Found in both plants and animal cells
More found in animal cells

53. Chloroplasts PLANTS ONLY Chloroplasts Found only in plant cells
Converts sunlight into chemical energy
Site of photosynthesis.
6H20 + 6CO2 + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Ultimate source of energy on earth is the sun.

55. Lysosomes Spherical membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes
Able to destroy invading viruses and bacteria
Also used to dispose of unwanted organelles
Rarely found in plant cells

58. Vacuoles (found in plants and animal cells)
Stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
Often found swollen in plant cells
Also where cellular waste is stored

60. Cytoskeleton (in plants and animals
Provides support for cell
Located in cytosol
Two major components of cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Microfiliments

61. Centriole
Small cylindrical shaped organelle which aids in cell division.
Often located near the nucleus.

62. Cilia Short thread like structures found on the outside of cell
Can move cells in water or can move substances across cell surface
EX: Lungs

64. Flagella Long whip like structure on outside surface of cell
Used for movement