1. Bell Ringer Monday December 5 2016
Answer the 2 questions

3. Introduction to change in organisms
Lamarck vs. Darwin
Introduction to change in organisms

4. What is a theory?
The most probable explanation for a large set of data based on the best available evidence
Summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing

5. What is a species? What is a population?
Species – group of a single type of organisms that interbreed and are reproductively isolated
White-tailed deer
Population – refers to a group of organisms of a particular species living in a certain area.
White-tailed deer on Mt. Nebo

6. Lamarck’s Theory Jean Baptiste Lamarck: 1800’s Believed:
Change Occurs Over Time
inheritance of acquired characteristics
acquired changes were passed to offspring
Law of Use and Disuse
If a body part were used, it got stronger
If body part NOT used, it deteriorated
Examples: Body builders or pierced ears

7. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Giraffes all had SHORT necks originally
Giraffe’s Necks got LONGER from stretching for food
“Acquired” trait (long necks) then passed to offspring
Giraffe population became long-necked

9. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
More examples
Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring
Clipped ears and tails of dogs could be passed to offspring!

10. Lamarck’s Mistakes Was he correct?? NO!
Traits are passed down from one generation to the next by GENES, not by an individual’s life experiences or activities
Lamarck did NOT know how traits were inherited (Traits are passed through genes)
Genes Are NOT Changed By Activities In Life
Change Through Mutation Occurs Before An Organism Is Born

11. Voyage of the Beagle Charles Darwin Born Feb. 12, 1809
Joined Crew of HMS Beagle, 1831
Naturalist
5 Year Voyage around world
Astounded By Variety of Life

12. Voyage of the Beagle
During His Travels, Darwin Made Numerous Observations And Collected Evidence That Led Him To Propose A Revolutionary Hypothesis About The Way Life Changes Over Time

13. Darwin’s Belief’s Survival of the fittest OR natural selection
Food and resources are limited
So organisms have to COMPETE to get them (lions fight for food, space, mates …)
OVER PRODUCE too many organisms
Not all offspring will survive only the MOST FIT (not always the strongest!)

14. What happened to the giraffe’s?
Survival of the fittest or natural selection
Natural selection said the giraffes with short necks had less food to eat
Why?
the food resources changed to leaves only on the upper branches
What happened?
short necks could not reach upper branches and did not survive (couldn’t pass on genes)
Long neck giraffes survived & reproduced because they were able to reach the food

16. Evolution is
the slow, gradual change in a population of organisms
over time…
a looooooooong time!

17. Where do we see this change?
When there is an unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce …
This leads to a gradual change in a population with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations
Most fit “naturally” selected
New species evolves

18. Natural Selection How does Selection occur?
Selection of the most fit can occur from several factors:
Variations exist among individuals in a population
Competition for limited resources
Overpopulation
Predation/Disease

19. Example of Natural Selection
A classic example of natural selection is the Peppered moths during Industrial Revolution in Europe

20. Bell Ringer Tuesday December 6, 2016
Three Friends were arguing about what would happen if a population of rabbits from a warm, southern climate were moved to a cold, northern climate. This is what they said:
Bernie: “I think all of the rabbits will try to adapt to the change.”
Leo: “I think most of the rabbits will try to adapt to the change.”
Phoebe: “I think few or none of the rabbits will try to adapt to the change.”
Which person do you most agree with and why?
Explain your ideas about adaptation.

21. Homologous Structures
Homologous strucutures
Structures in different species that are alike in structure and function.
Is evidence that organisms share common ancestors

22. Embryonic Development
The development of embryos of various species shows homologous structures.
More evidence for evolution.

23. Vestigial Structures
Structures that are present in an organism but serves no function in that organism

24. Speciation and Natural Selection

25. Adaptation
Over time, animals may change behavior or physical appearance in response to changes in the environment.
This is called adaptation.

26. Natural Selection
It was proposed that evolution, in which populations gradually change over time, happens through a process called natural selection.
Evolution is evidenced by fossil records and common ancestry.
Natural selection is the process where individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than others.
This is because of the accumulation of helpful variations among surviving members of the same species

27. Speciation The process of creating a new species is called speciation.
Speciation can occur because of changes in climate, changing landforms, interspecies interaction, or genetic mutation.
Australia and the Galapagos Islands have a diverse plant and animal life due to isolation.

28. The Grand Canyon Squirrel
A new species can form when a group of individuals remains isolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits.
The Grand Canyon squirrel populations represent an example of species variation due to changing landforms.
As the Colorado River cut through the landscape, it caused the squirrel population to become separated into two groups.
Although similar in appearance, the two groups cannot reproduce with each other because they have developed into two separate species.

29. The Grand Canyon Squirrels

30. Survival of the Fittest
Species acquire many of their unique characteristics through biological adaptation, including changes in physiology (how their body works), structures, or behaviors that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment.
Organisms that adapt to their changing surroundings pass on the traits that protect them to their offspring.
This is known as survival of the fittest.

31. The Arctic Fox
The Arctic fox goes through two color phases in response to the changing of their environment.
It has the warmest fur of any mammal; short legs, short ears, dense fur, and thickly-haired foot pads. Their fur gets lighter and thicker during the winter months.

32. Snowshoe Hare
The snowshoe hare has adaptations that allows it to survive in its environment,
Lighter fur (almost entirely white) in the winter, densely furred soles of their feet, and stiff hairs on the hind feet.

33. Genetic Resistance
Organisms such as bacteria, insects, and viruses change and mutate in response to environmental factors such as antibiotics, insecticides, and pollution.
Organisms with shorter life spans. can adapt to changing conditions more rapidly through mutations.
These mutations lead to genetic resistance to substances such as insecticides and antibiotics.

34. Assignments that can be turned in/Retaken/made up by Friday December 9 at 2:45
Turn in any lab papers that you have not turned in
Any Notebooks
Cell Cycle Test, Meiosis Test, DNA Test, Heredity Test
Dragon Genetics Lab- Must turn in both a dragon and the lab papers!
SpongeBob Genetics Quiz
Punnett Square WS

35. Bell Ringer Wednesday December 7, 2016
A small, short furred, gray animal called a divo lives on an island. This island is the only place on Earth where divos live. The island habitat is warm and provides plenty of the divos’ only food—tree ants. The divos live high in the tree tops, hidden from predators. One year the habitat experienced a drastic change that lasted for most of the year. It became very cold and even snowed. All of the ants died. The trees lost their leaves, but plenty of seeds and dried leaves were on the ground. Which of the following things do you think happened to most of the divos living on the island after their habitat changed?
The divos’ fur grew longer and thicker.
The divos switched to eating seeds.
The divos dug holes to live under the leaves or beneath rocks.
The divos hibernated through the cold period until the habitat was
warm again.
E. The divos died.
Explain your thinking. How did you decide what effect the change in habitat would
have on most of the divos?