1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
THE MOLECULES OF LIFE
(pp )
TEST Monday 9/25

2. IV. Importance of Carbon
Cells are composed of 70-95% _____ most of the rest is carbon-based compounds
water

3. A. Structure of Carbon
1. Atomic # 6: __ protons & __ electrons; __ in first shell & __ in second
2. Has 4 ________ electrons- so can make four ________ bonds 6 6 2 4
valance
covalent

4. A. Structure of Carbon
3. Usually bonds with: _________________________________________________
4. Can also form bonds w/other ________ atoms
5. Compounds with carbon-carbon bonds called _______
hydrogen,
oxygen,
phosphorus
sulfur,
nitrogen
carbon
organic

5. macro=______, so these are _________ molecules
B. Macromolecules
macro=______, so these are _________ molecules
large
very large

6. 1. Polymers many a. poly=________
b. these are large molecules made up of _______________ building blocks
many
similar or identical

7. 2. Monomers
a. mono= ____
b. are the ____________ or sub units of polymers
one
building blocks

8. 3. Dehydration Synthesis
Reaction that ____________ bonds two or more molecules together
______ is released as waste product
covalently
Water

9. 4. Classes of macromolecules or also called Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

10. V. Carbohydrates
A. Elements: _______, always a ____ ratio of H atoms to O atoms (2H:1O)
B. Monomer: monosaccharide
C. Function: immediate and _____ ________; building material
C, H, O
2:1
stored
energy

11. II. Carbohydrates
D. Where found in body: bloodstream, liver; cell walls of _______________
E. Food source: _________________
plants & fungus
sugar & starches

12. II. Carbohydrates Examples: 1. Monosaccharides: (__________)
a. Simplest of all sugars
b. 2 kinds
5-carbon monosaccharides
Deoxyribose-Found in ____
Ribose- Found in ____
One sugar
DNA
RNA

13. II. Carbohydrates
6-carbon monosaccharides *Three kinds. All having the formula ______; known as _______. * ______ are arranged differently giving each molecule different properties.
C6 H12 O6
isomers
Atoms

14. II. Carbohydrates
i. Glucose - preferred _______ _______ for most organism; including humans
ii. Fructose- _________ found in some fruits
iii. Galactose- one component of _____
energy
source
Very sweet!
milk

15. Isomers

16. II. Carbohydrates Examples: Disaccharides: __________
____ monosaccharides __________ bonded together
sucrose- ____________:
_________
lactose- ____________:
__________
Maltose- ____________________
________
Two sugars
two
covalently
Table sugar
glu + fru
Milk sugar
glu +galac
Found in seeds, grains
glu + glu

17. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples:
3. Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides covalently bonded together; two groups
a. Storage Polysaccharides: long polymers of glucose; broken down for needed _________
energy

18. II. Carbohydrates 3. Polysaccharides: F. Examples: * Glycogen-
Storage of glucose in _______
Stored in _______________
animals
liver & muscles

19. II. Carbohydrates Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: *Starch-
Storage of glucose in _______
Humans _________________ to glucose for energy
plants
CAN break down

20. II. Carbohydrates Examples: 3. Polysaccharides:
b. Structural Polysaccharides: used for building materials

21. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * cellulose
component of _____ cell walls
human __________________
important source of _____ in our diet
plant
unable to break down
fiber

22. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * Chitin
Component of _____________
Component of insect and other arthropod ___________
fungal cell walls
exoskeletal

23. VI. Lipids:______ compounds that are __________________
Non-polar
waxy,
Fatty
or oily
A. Elements: ______ many more H than in a carb.
B. Monomer: glycerol & fatty acids
C. Function:_____________; _________; _________
D. Where found in body: cell membrane; innermost layer of skin; surrounding some organs
Food Source: _______________________
C, H, O,
insulation
energy storage
cushioning
butter,
shortening,
olive oil,

24. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils
a. all have 3 fatty acid tails
b. fats _____ at room temperature
c. oils ______ at room temperature
solid
liquid

25. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils
d. _________ fats- no carbon-carbon double bonds
e. ___________ fats- at least one carbon-carbon double bonds
f. __________ fats linked to heart disease
Saturated
Unsaturated
Saturated

26. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 2. Phospholipids a. unique lipid
b. found in every living
_______________
cell membrane

27. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 3. Steroids a. used for ________ production
b. used for ______ cell structure
c. Ex. ____________
hormone
animal
Cholesterol

28. IV. Proteins C, H, O, N A. Elements: __________
B. Monomer: ___________
1. only ___ different amino acids combine in different ___________________________
2. All 20 are ________ except for a portion called the _______
Amino acids 20
Numbers,
patterns,
& arrangement
identical
R-group

29. IV. Proteins
Proteins ______ important to its _______ & determined by interactions between R-groups
a. Covalent bonds
b. Ionic bonds
c. Hydrogen bonds
d. Van der Waals Forces- similar in principal to H-bonds; intermoleculear ___________ between _________
shape
functions
attractions
non-polar

30. C. Function: support, structure, ___________________________ metabolism D. Where found in body: muscles, hair, skin, enzymes

31. IV. Proteins E. Food Source: __________________ F. Examples:
1. Enzymes
a. ___________________
b. trigger chemical reactions
c. could not maintain _____________ without them
meats,
peanuts,
eggs
Biological catalysts
homeostasis

32. V. Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P A. Elements: ____________
B. Monomer: ___________
C. Function: genetic instructions & usable energy
D. Where found in body: nucleus of cells
E. Food Source: _______
Nucleotide
none

33. V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 1. DNA- a. Deoxyribonucleic acid
b. contains the ________ instructions for the cell
genetic

34. V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 2. RNA- a. Ribonucleic acid
b. __________ the instructions in DNA
3. ATP-
a. Adenosine triphosphate
b. provides _____________ for the cell
carries out
useable energy