1. The microscopic world
Chapter 9

2. 9A kingdoms Archaebacteria & eubacteria
ONLY PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
ARCHAEBACTERIA
FEWER ORGANISMS
CELL WALLS LACK A CERTAIN COMPOUND FOUND IN OTHERS (PEPTIDOGLYCAN)
PARTS OF DNA SIMILAR TO EUKARYOTES
LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
THERMOACIDOPHILES
METHANOGENS
HALOPHILES
EUBACTERIA
WHAT WE THINK OF WHEN WE HEAR TERM BACTERIA
RESPONSIBLE FOR DECOMPOSING MOST ORGANIC MATTER
CYANOBACTERIA
HAVE CHLOROPHYLL AND CARRY ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS
MANY DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS

3. 9A kingdoms Archaebacteria & eubacteria
STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
3 BASIC SHAPES
COCCUS (GRAIN) SPHERICAL SHAPE
BACILLUS (SMALL ROD) ROD SHAPE
SPIRULLUM (SMALL COIL) SPIRAL SHAPE
STAPH – ARRANGES IN A CLUSTER
STREP – ARRANGES END TO END IN LONG CHAINS
Have cell membrane
Most have a cell wall
Some have a capsule also
Are prokaryotic, nuclear area
Some have flagella
REPRODUCTION
REPORDUCE ASEXUALLY BY BINARY FISSION
DNA IS DOUBLED BY REPLICATION
WITH PROPER CONDITIONS CAN REPRODUCE IN 20 MINUTES

4. 9A kingdoms Archaebacteria & eubacteria
Avg. length 1 Micrometer (1µm)
Large group of bacteria COLONY
What’s stopping them from taking over the world?
The need for proper conditions limits their growth
Require large amounts of food
Some need oxygen (aerobic), some don’t (anaerobic)
They produce waste
Certain temperature and pH range where they grow best
Need a moisture rich environment
Importance
Most bacteria are helpful and do not cause disease
Cyanobacteria release nitrogen into the soil
Help decompose waste
Helps produce foods: yogurt, pickles, cheese
Used to produce antibiotics and chemicals
What is a detritus feeder?

5. 9A kingdoms Archaebacteria & eubacteria
A Virus?
Nucleic acid core w/ a protein coat
No cell membrane, no cytoplasm, no organelles
Not cells, cannot reproduce, not a living organism
Attaches to a cell and injects the viral nucleic acid into it
This “hijacks” the host cell’s machinery for replication and forces it to replicate more viral particles
Host cell is destroyed sending out more viral particles to attack and hijack more cells
This is called the lytic cycle
Some viruses remain inactive for a while – latent viruses
Vaccinations – a way to fight diseases
Inactivated or attenuated
Interferons – chemicals your body produces to fight infection
Practice good hygiene
Disease Eradication Article

6. Bring me a mushroom
Next Monday 11/5/18

7. 9B kingdom protista Diverse kingdom
Has species that can move, obtain food and reproduce
All are eukaryotic
Most are unicellular, some form colonies, a few are multicellular
How do we tell the difference???
Protozoans
Genera Paramecium & Amoeba
Movement w/flagella, cilia, pseudopods
What’s for dinner and how do they eat it?
Oral groove, invagination, engulf
Reproduction
Asexual
Conjugation
Algae
Plantlike protists
Perform photosynthesis
Not usually mobile
Can be unicellular, multicellular, colonial
Moved by factors in environment
Producers, not consumers
Mitotic cell division or fragmentation, conjugation

8. 9b kingdom Protista Importance of Protists Plankton Algae = Oxygen
Sea Kale – yum?
Diatoms
Algin
Carageenan
Agar
Problematic Protists
Malaria – Plasmodium
Amoebic Dysentery – Entamoeba histolytica
African Sleeping Sickness - Trypanosoma brucei gambiense & Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Red Tide – Karenia Brevis

9. 9C kingdom fungi Mycology Mold Mushroom Hyphae/hypha Spores Rhizoids
Stolons
Sporangia
Mushroom
Stalk, Cap, Gills
Mycelia

10. 9c kingdom fungi symbiosis Nutrition Importance of Fungi
Fungi are consumers
Saprophyte
Parasite
Lichen
Mycorrhizae
Importance of Fungi
Essential to the natural environment
Multimillion dollar industries are based on fungi & their byproducts
Main decomposers of the world
Fungi interact with plants in beneficial ways
Problems
Fungal plant diseases destroy plants and crops
Cause human diseases: ringworm, athlete’s foot, thrush
Product Market
Edible mushroom market
Cheese production
Yeast
Harvested cacao
Alcohol & Acetic Acid
Penicillin
Cyclosporine
symbiosis