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Cells Classification Prokaryote & Eukaryote Cellular Components
Organelle Structure & Function
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Classification All living things can be classified into: Prokaryote
Eukaryote Archaebacteria Bacteria (Monera) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Pro = before, Eu = after, Karyon = nucleus
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Prokaryote and Eukaryote
Genetic Material 1 circular chromosome Not enclosed (nucleoid region) +1 chromosome, linear Enclosed by a membrane (nucleus) Evolution 3.5 billion years ago 1.5 billion years ago Cell size Body form Smaller unicellular Larger Uni & multicellular Reproductive strategy Asexual and sexual Oxygen requirement Anaerobic Aerobic Organelles Absent Present
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Cellular Components Outer protection Cell control center
Energy control center Cell processing Storage & waste Structural support & movement
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Organelle Structures that perform specialized functions in cells
“mini organs” How many organelles can you name?
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Plasma Membrane Structure Mainly composed of phospholipids
Surrounds cytoplasm (gel-like material containing mainly water and dissolved materials) Function Controls exchange of material between interior of the cell and the external environment Protection
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Cytoplasm Gel-like material made up of water and dissolved minerals where the organelles are suspended Contains the cytoskeleton
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Cytoskeleton “Skeleton” of cell - gives shape
Organizes location of organelles Allows movement of cell parts Network of interconnected fibers that can be assembled and disassembled
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Cell Wall Structure Composed of cellulose Function
Gives shape and rigidity to prokaryotic and plant cells Protection
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Control Centre Nucleus Contains genetic information & nucleolus
Control center of cell RNA synthesis Nucleolus is a darker area in the nucleus where ribosomes are made Nuclear envelope is a double layered membrane perforated by nuclear pores (allow RNA to exit) Nucleoid region Contains genetic information but is not surrounded by a membrane Only in prokaryotes
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Ribosomes Ribosomes – 2 subunits, composed of both protein and RNA, made in nucleolus, can be bound to ER or float freely in cytoplasm Ribosome – structures that catalyze the reactions of protein synthesis Like the workers of the cell
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Centrioles Lacks a membrane
Involved in organizing spindle fibers during cell division, site for production of microtubules Animal cells contain a pair of centrioles (made of cylindrical tubes) Centrioles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure Cisternae: flattened, interconnected membranes sacs Branches out from the nuclear envelope RER – ribosomes SER – no ribosomes Function RER – site for protein synthesis SER – site for lipid synthesis
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Golgi Apparatus Structure
Flattened, stacked, interconnected membrane (cisternae) Located near ER Function Modifies proteins and lipids Packages products into vesicles for transport Fate of products: (a) Export - outside cell (b) Plasma membrane surface (c) Cytoplasm (d) Other organelles
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Energy production center (aerobic cellular respiration)
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Chloroplast Site for photosynthesis by trapping light energy
Gives plant green colour due to chlorophyll pigment Starch storage
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Vacuole, Lysosome, Vesicle
All membrane bound sacs Vacuole – fluid-filled sac used for storage of food, water, waste etc., most prominent in plants where it is also used to maintain turgor pressure Lysosome – contains degradative enzymes involved in hydrolytic actions Vesicle – transport vehicles
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Cilia & Flagella Flexible projections that extend outward from the cell Cilia are short hair-like extensions (often used to propel food) Flagella is a long tail-like whip Movement requires energy
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Summary of Differences
Prokaryote Plant Animal Outer protection Control centre Energy centre Storage
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Summary of Differences
Prokaryote Plant Animal Outer protection Cell wall PM Control centre Energy centre Storage
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Summary of Differences
Prokaryote Plant Animal Outer protection Cell wall PM Control centre Nucleoid region Nucleus Energy centre Storage
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Summary of Differences
Prokaryote Plant Animal Outer protection Cell wall PM Control centre Nucleoid region Nucleus Energy centre Chloroplast Mitochondria Storage
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Summary of Differences
Prokaryote Plant Animal Outer protection Cell wall PM Control centre Nucleoid region Nucleus Energy centre Chloroplast Mitochondria Storage Cytoplasm Large central vacuole Many smaller vacuoles
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