1. East Asia Under Challenge
Chapter 15
East Asia Under Challenge

2. Section 1 – The Decline of the Qing Dynasty
QOD – What internal problems led to the decline of the Qing Dynasty?
Objective – Discuss the decline of the Qing Dynasty and the increase of Western involvement with China.

3. Causes for Decline 1800-Qing dynasty was at the height of its power
Early 1900s-Qing dynasty collapsed due to Western harassment
Internal changes also assisted the downfall-corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetence
Rapid pop. growth causes food shortages and famine
Foreigners now had ships and guns that hastened the downfall

4. The Opium War
European merchants in China were restricted to a specific trading outlet at Guangzhou.
Britain also imported more from China than it exported to China, giving Britain an unfavorable balance.
Negotiations to address the imbalance failed and Britain started to trade opium to help with economic concerns; growing it in India directly into China

6. The Opium War
The Chinese knew of the dangers of the addictive drug and had made the trade illegal.
China appealed to have the British stop exporting it into China, but Britain refused.
The Chinese govt. blocked its port, Britain responded by starting the Opium War. ( )

7. The Opium War

8. The Opium War Eventually, China made peace.
The Treaty of Nanjing(1842)
opened 5 coastal ports in China for British trade
limited taxes in imported British goods
gave the British the island of Hong Kong
China agreed to pay for the war
The treaty did not mention opium.

9. The Opium War
Europeans lived in the 5 ports in their own sections and were not subject to Chinese laws, a practice know has extraterritoriality.
The end of the Opium War marked the beginning of a strong Western influence in China.
China offered the same concessions to other Western nations and soon the 5 ports were booming.

10. The Tai Ping Rebellion
Tai Ping Rebellion ( )- a peasant revolt caused due to the Chinese govt. failing to handle its internal economic problems
Hong Xiuquan- led the Tai Ping Rebellion; he saw himself as the younger brother of Jesus Christ.

11. The Tai Ping Rebellion
Hong and his army captured Yongan and he proclaimed a new dynasty, Tai Ping Tianguo
The rebellion called for social reforms:
Giving land to all peasants
Equal treatment of women
Called for people to give up private possessions (land was to be held in common, food, money, etc to be shared equally)
Outlawed alcohol, tobacco, and foot binding

12. The Tai Ping Rebellion
The Tai Ping Rebellion was one of history’s most devastating civil wars. 20 million died in the 14 year struggle.
Europeans helped the Qing dynasty respond.
In 1864, the combined Chinese and European forces weakened the power of the rebellion.

13. The Tai Ping Rebellion
The Qing dynasty failed to deal well with the internal struggle due to its struggle with the Western powers.
In 1856, Great Britain and France began another series of attacks, capturing the capital of Beijing.
The Treaty of Tianjin- Chinese agreed to legalize opium trade, open new ports to the West, and give the Kowloon Peninsula to Great Britain.

14. Efforts at Reform
By the late 1870’s the Qing dynasty was in serious decline.
Reformers called for a new policy of “self –strengthening”.
This meant that China could adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions.

15. The Advance of Imperialism
The new policy did not help the Qing dynasty retain power.
European states began to create spheres of influence inside China
By dealing directly with Chinese warlords for exclusive trading rights, European traders established spheres of influence that barred others from trading within a specific region.

17. The Advance of Imperialism
New pressures for Chinese territories arose in a time of internal crisis for China.
The emperor, Guang Xu, launched his massive reform campaign called the One Hundred Days of Reform.
He called for political, administrative, and educational reforms in an attempt to Westernize China and make it move towards democracy.

18. The Advance of Imperialism
Conservatives opposed this reform.
Empress Dowager Ci Xi, also opposed the reforms. She imprisoned the emperor and ended the reform efforts. She ruled China for almost 50 years.

19. The Advance of Imperialism
Emperor Guang Xu
Empress Dowager Ci Xi

20. Opening the Door to China
Great Britain and the U.S. feared that other nations would overrun China should its govt. collapse.
1899-U.S. secretary of state, John Hay, proposed equal access to the Chinese market for all nations.
No nation disagreed.
Hay declared that the foreign states agreed that China should have an Open Door Policy.

21. Opening the Door to China
Open Door Policy
Reflected the American concern for China’s survival and the trading companies’ desires to operate open markets with the existing division into spheres of influence.
It did lift restrictions on foreign imports imposed by the dominant power within each sphere.
It lessened the fears of the Western powers that one would try to dominate.

22. John Hay developed the Open Door Policy for China

23. The Boxer Rebellion
The Open Door policy did not stop the Boxer Rebellion.
Boxer was the popular name for members of the secret group called the Society of Harmonious Fists.
They practiced a system of exercise they thought would protect them from bullets.
Slogan: “destroy the foreigner”

24. The Boxer Rebellion

25. The Boxer Rebellion
The Boxers were upset over foreign influence in China.
They hated Christian missionaries and Chinese converts to Christianity.
In response, Western powers attacked Beijing in 1900.
It restored order and demanded more concessions from the Chinese which was forced to pay heavily in damages.
The Chinese imperial govt. was weaker than ever.

26. Section 2 – Revolution in China
QOD – How did Western influence affect the Chinese economy and culture?
Objective – Discuss revolution in China and the effect of Western influence in China.

27. The Fall of the Qing
After the Boxer Rebellion, China tried to reform, embracing educational, administrative, and legal reforms.
The elite of merchants and professionals were angry knowing the new assemblies could not pass laws.
The reforms did nothing for peasants, artisans, and miners, whose conditions worsened as taxes rose.

28. The Fall of the Qing
Signs of revolution came with Sun Yat-sen and his Revive China Society, late 1890s
Sun Yat-sen believed China had to be united under a strong govt. to resist foreigners
Developed a 3 part reform process
Military takeover
A period in which Sun’s revolutionary party would prepare the people for democracy
A constitutional democracy

29. Sun’s Three People’s Principles
Sun Yat-sen

30. The Fall of the Qing
Sun united radical groups from across China and formed the Revolutionary Alliance, later the Nationalist Party
Sun’s Three People’s Principles- nationalism, democracy, and the right for people to pursue their own livelihoods.

31. The Fall of the Qing
Henry Pu Yi- is considered the last emperor of China
The Qing dynasty collasped, but Sun’s party did not have the strength to form a new govt.
They turned to a member of the old order, General Yuan Shigai who controlled the army and had been sent to suppress the rebellion.

32. General Yuan Shigai
Henry Pu Yi

33. The Fall of the Qing
General Yuan Shigai agreed to serve as president of a Chinese republic and allow for the election of a legislature.
Even so, these events of 1911 did not produce a new social and political order.
The Western liberal democratic principles were supported by too small a class to support a new order.

34. An Era of Civil War
The military took over after the end of the Qing dynasty
China slipped into civil war as weakened governmental power allowed warlords to seize provincial power.
Massive destruction and hunger was the outcome.

35. Chinese Society in Transition
Due to the new educational system, China’s young people stopped respecting the idea of the Confucian family concepts. Individualism emerged.
The growth of industry and trade brought about commodities or marketable products.
Transportation improved
New crops from abroad increased food production

36. Chinese Society in Transition
Westerners affected the Chinese economy in three ways:
Introducing a new means of transportation
Creating an export market
Integrating the Chinese market into a 19th century world economy.

37. Chinese Society in Transition
Some saw changes as beneficial by taking China out of old tradition. Others saw it has harmful since most of all profits went to foreign countries.
After World War I, the Chinese began to develop new risks.
Some cities became major industrial and commercial centers

38. China’s Changing Culture
Western art became popular with urban middle class, while traditional culture remained with the conservative population.
Ba Jin- one of China’s most famous writers

39. Example of Chinese art with Western influence
Ba Jin- writer

40. Section 3 – Rise in Modern Japan
QOD – What steps did Japan take to become an imperialist nation?
Objective – Discuss events and transformations that opened Japan to trade and industrialization.

41. An End to Isolation
By 1800 the Tokugawa shogunate had ruled the Japanese islands for 200 years.
The country was isolated from foreigners.
Foreign ships were turned away and little trading was done.

42. An End to Isolation
Western powers came to Japan to broaden their economic interests.
The U.S. was the first to succeed.
1853-Matthew Perry took 4 ships and arrived in Edo Bay (now Tokyo Bay)

43. Commodore Matthew Perry visits Edo Bay.

44. An End to Isolation
The purpose was to bring “isolated people into the family of civilized nations”
Some shogunate officials argued against contact and others recommended concessions, or political promises.
The guns of Perry’s ships dictated the shogunate’s response.

45. An End to Isolation Japan agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa.
It asked for the return of American sailors, who were treated like criminals
The opening of 2 ports to Western traders
The establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan

46. An End to Isolation
1858- a new treaty called for the opening of several new ports to U.S. trade and residence, and an exchange of ministers.
Several European nations signed treaties with Japan

47. Resistance to the New Order
Resistance was strong amongst the samurai warriors.
1863- the Sat-Cho alliance forced the shogun to promise to end relations with the West
They demanded the restoring of an emperor.
The shogun’s forces and the shogunate soon collapsed.

48. The Meiji Restoration
Sat-Cho leaders soon realized Japan must modernize. Embarked to transform Japan.
Mutsuhito- the young emperor; he called his reign the Meiji or “Enlightened Rule”
This period is knows as the Meiji Restoration.
Mutsuhito was controlled by the Sat-Cho.
Capital was moved to Edo, (now Tokyo)

49. Meiji or “Enlightened Rule”
Meiji Restoration
Meiji or “Enlightened Rule”
Capital was in Edo
Mutsuhito

50. The Meiji Restoration
The daimyo-the local nobles- were stripped from the titles to their lands in order to get rid of their power
Their lands were divided into prefectures and the daimyo were named governors of their previous lands.
Today Japan has 45 prefectures.

51. Then and Now

52. The Meiji Restoration
The Meiji reformers wanted to create a Western-style political system.
The leaders pledged to create a new legislative assembly within the framework of imperial rule.

53. The Meiji Restoration
A commission under Ito Hirobumi traveled to Great Britain, France, Germany, and the U.S. to study their governments.

54. The Meiji Restoration
Executive authority was not by the emperor but with the prime minister and his cabinet ministers who were handpicked.
The members of the upper house were appointed, not elected.
Government was in democratic form but authoritarian in practice. Therefore, the ruling class kept power.

55. The Meiji Restoration
Meiji leaders set up a new system of land ownership.
A 3% land tax brought in revenues, but was a burden to the framers.
The govt. promoted industry
The govt. supported industries, brought in foreign advisors, improved transportation, & started a new educational system that applied to the sciences.

56. The Meiji Restoration
The Meiji model of industrial development had a close relationship between govt. and private business.
Business people were given money and privileges to start new enterprises. The govt. played a role even once the business got on its feet.

57. The Meiji Restoration Meiji reformers transformed the military.
A ministry of education guided the change to universal education and instruction in modern technology. Soon it adopted the American educational system.
Western fashions were popular among the elite. (clothes, hair, social, baseball)

58. The Meiji Restoration Japan’s social structure changed.
For the first time women were allowed to seek an education.
The shift to industry meant thousands of Japanese took jobs that signaled change in the social structure.

59. The Meiji Restoration The dark side of social changes
Workers were cruelly exploited in the coal mines and textile mills.
Workers tried to flee but were shot
Many sought political rights and recognition of basic human rights-women played a role in resistance
Women formed the Freedom and People’s Rights Movement (voting rights for women)

60. Joining the Imperialist Nations
Japan also copied the Western imperialist approach to foreign affairs.
To compete with the West, Japan believed it would need colonies as a source of wealth and power.

61. Joining the Imperialist Nations
1874- Japan claimed control of the Ryukyu Islands.
Japan’s navy forced Korea to open its ports to Japanese trade
Tension between China and Japan for control over Korea
Japan destroyed the Chinese fleet and moved into Port Arthur

62. Joining the Imperialist Nations
Russia and Japan had strained relations because of the fight for control of Korea.
Russia felt confident in defeating Japan.
Japan launched a surprise attack on a Russian naval base at Port Arthur.
Japan moved into China, the Russian troops were no match.
The Japanese navy defeated the Russian navy.

63. Joining the Imperialist Nations
Russia agreed to a humiliating peace in 1905
They gave strategic Liaodong Peninsula as well as an island north of Japan to the Japanese.
The victory established Japan as a world power.

64. Joining the Imperialist Nations
Japan took possession of Korea in 1910
The U.S. recognized this take over in return for Japan’s support for American authority in the Philippines.
Suspicion is growing between the U.S. and Japan.
Japan resents U.S. restrictions on immigration and many Americans fear Japan’s growing power.