1. NL Studies 2205 (4.8) Labrador
Although Labrador was under Newfoundland’s jurisdiction after 1809, life in Labrador in the late 1800s and early 1900s differed in many ways from life on the island. They differed:
Labrador’s population was small and mostly confined to the coast, with Innu and Inuit practising a migratory lifestyle between the coast and the interior.
Permanent settlement were sparse (in 1874 Census enumerated 1275 people in 23 communities)

3. Few residents participated in the Labrador fishery
Few residents participated in the Labrador fishery. It was largely conducted by fishers from Conception Bay who came for the summer to fish in Labrador before returning home in the fall.
The main economic activities conducted by the European and Metis resident population of Labrador were fur-trapping and sealing. Most trading of furs was done through the Moravian missions in northern Labrador and the Hudson’s Bay Company in the southern portion of Labrador.
Despite being under Newfoundland’s control, Labrador had no political representation in St. John’s until Before Confederation, most “social services” in Labrador were provided by non-governmental organizations such as the Moravian and Grenfell Missions.

4. The Hudson’s Bay Company
With the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763), Labrador was passed from the French to the British. The HBC was given a trade monopoly over central Labrador's Furs for more than 100 years.
North West River, the oldest community in central Labrador, was established in 1743 as a trading post by French Fur Trader Louis Fornel and became the hub for the Hudson's Bay Company.
As the company expanded and built trading posts along the Churchill River to the interior and along the northern coast, it became an intricate part of Labrador’s history.

5. The HBC provided credit (Bank) to many of Labrador’s inhabitants
The HBC provided credit (Bank) to many of Labrador’s inhabitants. In addition, the company agents took on duty of delivering poor relief, acted as justices of the peace, and/or collected customs duties (Government).
The HBC ran these posts (and Labrador) until 1942, when it relinquished them to the Newfoundland government.
HBC Token (Currency)

6. Hudson Bay Trading Posts
Fig , p. 342

7. The Grenfell Mission
In 1892, a young British medical missionary, Wilfred Thomason Grenfell, travelled to the coast of Labrador with the Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen (MDSF).
The Mission was funded primarily through public donations – much of which were raised by Grenfell himself (tours of Canada and US)
Created an extensive network of hospitals and nursing stations throughout Labrador, the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland, and the North Shore of Quebec. The Mission established nursing stations in some of the larger communities. These nurse practitioners are on the way back.

8. What motivated Grenfell
P. 345
(Quote depicting what Dr. Grenfell witnessed on his trip to the Labrador Coast)

9. Brief History of Grenfell's Accomplishments in NL
1886 Becomes a medical doctor and joins the Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen.
1892 Investigate the condition on the Labrador coast.
1893 Builds first hospital at Battle Harbour, Labrador.
1894 Grenfell Labrador Medical Mission formed.
1896 starts Red Bay. Co-operative
1900 Chooses St. Anthony as headquarters for Grenfell Mission; acquires first hospital ship, Strathcona I.
1901 Establishes co-operative lumber mill at Roddickton.
1905 Starts orphanage in St. Anthony
1906 Start of Grenfell Industrial Department.
1908 Brings reindeer to Newfoundland from Lapland
1909 Establishes non-denominational school at St. Anthony
1912 Formation of International Grenfell Association
1921 Builds brick orphanage at St. Anthony.
1926 Formation of Grenfell Association of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1927 New hospital at St. Anthony opens.
1928 Construction of marine slipway and dry dock in St. Anthony.
1931 Forbes-Grenfell expedition to chart entire Labrador coast
1937 Grenfell retires as Superintendent.
1940 Dr. Grenfell dies.
1981 Grenfell Regional Health Services established.
Sir. Wilfred Grenfell, 1910

10. How Committed Was Grenfell
Look at Fig , p. 349.

11. Acquisition of Labrador
As the importance of the Labrador fishery and fur trade grew, so did interest in controlling these resources.
The first official agreement on who “owned” Labrador was the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which gave a portion of the Labrador Peninsula to Quebec and a portion to Newfoundland.
Friction between Newfoundland and Quebec over the exact location of the border grew. This resulted in a series of legislations over jurisdiction.
2. Parts of Labrador went from Newfoundland to Quebec in 1774 and from Quebec to Newfoundland in 1809.

12. Acquisition of Labrador
In 1825, a court decision established the 52nd parallel as the southern boundary of Labrador, and geographical features northward. However, when surveys of Labrador’s interior in the 1890s revealed the existence of great mineral and timber resources, and the border was disputed again.
In 1907, the two countries - Canada and Newfoundland - agreed that the dispute over the location of their common boundary in the Labrador Peninsula should be sent to arbitration.
3. The highest court of appeal in the British Empire was the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, heard the case in1926. The decision was announced in Newfoundland and Labrador's favour on 1 March, 1927.

13. Line A:. the boundary decided by the Privy Council; the current legal
Line A: the boundary decided by the Privy Council; the current legal boundary.
Line B: the boundary as it is sometimes portrayed by Quebec today.