1. DOCKS AND HARBOURS
Presentation by, N.NIRKKUNA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, VCET, MADURAI.
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2. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
HARBOR:
 A harbour may be natural or partly dug out, or even made with floating materials. It doesn't have gates, but may have a narrow entrance.
 Provides safe anchoring or mooring for ships
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3. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
PORTS:
A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land.
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4. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
A dock is dug out and usually has gates so that the water level is kept up even though the tide has gone out.
A dock is for mooring ships for cargo or passenger exchange, or sometimes repair.
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5. WHAT CAUSES THE TIDES?
Tides are periodic rises and falls of large bodies of water.
Tides are caused by the gravitational interaction between the Earth and the Moon.
Tides are the cyclic rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused
by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the Earth.
Tides cause changes in the depth of the sea and produce oscillating
currents known as tidal streams, making prediction of tides important for
coastal navigation.
The strip of seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide,
the intertidal zone, is an important ecological product of ocean tides.
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6. gravitational force
The Moon's gravity differential field at the surface of the
earth is known as the Tide Generating Force.
This is the primary mechanism that drives tidal action and
explains two bulges, accounting for two high tides per day.
Other forces, such as the Sun's gravity, also add to tidal action.
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7. Tides The rhythmic rise and fall of the ocean’s water
High tide = rising, incoming tide, flow
Low tide = receding, outgoing tide, ebb
Slack tide = vertical movement stops
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8. Tides are very long, slow waves
They have a wave period of 12 hours 25 min
Tidal day is 24 hours 50 min
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9. The Sun's Interaction with the Tides
Spring Tides
Spring tides are especially strong tides (they do not have anything
to do with the season Spring).
They occur when the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are in a line.
The gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun both contribute to the tides.
Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon.
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10. Neap Tides Neap tides are especially weak tides.
An artist'sconception of neap tide
Neap tides are especially weak tides.
They occur when the gravitational forces
of the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular
to one another (with respect to the Earth).
Neap tides occur during quarter moons.
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11. Spring Tides and Neap Tides
The Bay of Fundy at high tide
The Bay of Fundy at low tide
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12. Waves A disturbance which moves through or over the surface of a fluid
Mostly caused by winds
(Also earthquakes, volcanoes, grav. pull)
Form of great energy
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13. Wave Characteristics Parts of a Wave Crest = high point
Trough = low point
Height = vertical distance from crest to trough
Wavelength = Horizontal distance between crest to crest or trough to trough
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14. Size of Wind Generated Waves
Depends on 3 things:
Wind Speed
Wind Duration (length of time wind blows)
“Fetch” Extent of open water across which the wind can blow
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15. Water Motion in Waves Water travels in vertical circular orbits
Wave moves, particles don’t!
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16. Importance of Waves Shaping Coastlines Ecology Erode cliffs
Grind rock into sand
Ecology
Returns O2 to water
Stir up food for filter feeders
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17. Tsunami Waves
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18. Waves entering shallow water
As waves enter shallow water, they slow down, grow taller and change shape.
At a depth of half its wave length, the rounded waves start to rise and their crests
become shorter while their troughs lengthen. Although their period (frequency)
stays the same, the waves slow down and their overall wave length shortens.
The 'bumps' gradually steepen and finally break in the surf when depth becomes
less than 1.3 times their height. Note that waves change shape in depths depending
on their wave length, but break in shallows relating to their height!
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19. Wave decay: waves loose energy as they move away from the generating area, resulting in decreased wave height and increased wavelength period.
Wave diffraction
Wave breaking
Wave reflection
Tidal bores
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20. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
CLASSIFICATION:
1. NATURAL HARBOUR
2. SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR
3. ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR
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21. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
NATURAL HARBOURS:
A harbor, is a place where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter from stormy weather.
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23. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
SEMI NATURAL HARBOUR:
Same as natural but harbour needs some artificial and man made construction
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24. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR:
Harbour having no natural protection but artificial arrangement are made to protect the harbour from storm and wind.
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25. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
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26. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION:
1. HARBOR OF REFUGE
2. COMMERCIAL HARBOR
3. FISHERY HARBOR
4. MILITTARY HARBOR OR NAVAL BASE
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27. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
HARBOR OF REFUGE:
The harbor used for ships in storms or emergency condition.
good anchorage and safe and easy access from the sea.
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28. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
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29. FISHERY HARBOUR:
Provided for fishing crafts and trawlers.
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30. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
MILLITARY HARBOR:
This harbor is meant for accommodating naval crafts and serves as a supply deport.
The layout of this type of harbor is greatly influenced by its location.
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31. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
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32. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
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33. REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD HARBOR:
The depth of a harbor should be sufficient for every type of visiting ships.
The bottom of harbor should provide secured anchorage to hold the ships against high winds.
To prevent destructive wave action, break water are provided.
The entrance of a harbor should be wide enough to provide the easy passage of ships.
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34. LOCATION AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES
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35. Availability of cheap land and construction material.
At the time of selection for a harbour, great care should be exercised. Following categories play a great role in the choice of site for a harbour.
Availability of cheap land and construction material.
Natural protection from waves and winds.
Transport and communication facilities.
Industrial development of the locality.
Sea bed, sub soil and foundation conditions.
Availability of fresh water and electrical energy.
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36. Favorable marine conditions. Defense and strategic aspects.
Traffic potentiality of the harbor.
The site should have maximum natural protection from winds and waves. It should have sufficiently large pool of water, with adequate depth to accommodate the expected shipping needs as well as to permit the future needs. The marine conditions should be favorable for structures as well as for navigation. To meet this requirement the site should have low tidal range and small tidal currents.
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37. There should not be severe wind and waves and there should be less littoral drift etc. Also there should be no fog problem at the site. The sea bed should be such that it would hold ship anchors and would not involve much capital and dredging maintenance cost. There should not be excessive situation nor scour should pose a problem. Apart from above conditions, the sub-soil for foundation purposes should be favorable. The site to be selected should be preferably on an established trade route and have trade links with other parts of the country through rail,road
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38. air and telephone etc. The hinter land should be productive enough to support the trade.
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39. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
FEATURES OF A HARBOR:
Entrance Channels
Berthing Basin
Break Water
Turning Basin
Pier Head
Wharves
Jetties
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40. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
ENTRANCE CHANNEL:
Depth and width are kept more at entrance
Width depends upon density of traffic and no: of entrances
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41. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
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42. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
BERTHING AND TURNING BASINS:
Berthing basins are used for the parking of ships
While turning for the turning of ships
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43. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
BREAK WATER:
The structure constructed to protect harbor from storm waves
They are generally stone masonry
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44. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
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45. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
PIER HEAD:
The structure provided at the tip of break water
Such as light house
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46. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
WHARVES:
The structure constructed parallel to the shore or break water, having wide plate form at the top
Function is to permit berthing of vessel along side for cargo working
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47. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
JETTIES:
Same as wharves
Used for loading and unloading of cargo
Made usually from shore towards sea water to prevent silting and dredging to allow free flow of tidal currents
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48. HARBOUR DOCK ENGINEERING
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49. QUAYS
a stone or metal platform lying alongside or projecting into water for loading and unloading ships.
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51. DOLPHINS marine structures for mooring vessels.
Not connected to shore.
used in combination with wharves and piers to shorten the length of these structures.
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53. Spring fenders
In boating, a fender is a bumper used to absorb the kinetic energy of a boat or vessel berthing against a jetty, quay wall or other vessel. Fenders are used to prevent damage to boats, vessels and berthing structures.
Fenders are typically manufactured out of rubber, foam elastomer or plastic. 
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55. piers
A platform supported on pillars, leading out from the shore into a body of water, and used as a landing stage for boats or for fishing.
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