1. Foreign and Military Policy
Chapter 19
Foreign and
Military Policy

2. Learning Objectives
Is American foreign policy set by public opinion or elite views?
If only Congress can declare war, why has the president become so powerful in military affairs?
Should our foreign policy be based on American interests or some conception of human rights?
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

3. Introduction WHO GOVERNS? TO WHAT ENDS?
Is American foreign policy set by public wishes or elite views?
If only Congress can declare war, why has the president become so powerful in military affairs?
TO WHAT ENDS?
Why do we go to war against some dictatorships and not others?
Should our foreign policy be based on American interests or some conception of human rights?
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

4. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Aamir Qureshi/AFP/Getty Images
In May 2011 Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. special forces in the house behind this wall, located in Abbottabad, Pakistan.

5. Kinds of Foreign Policy
Majoritarian Politics
President is dominant figure
Public opinion usually supports president
Examples: war, peace, global diplomacy
Interest group/client politics
Entrepreneurial politics
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

6. Kinds of Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy Decisions
Majoritarian Politics
Interest Group Politics
Entrepreneurial Politics
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Who holds the power in foreign policy depends upon which type of foreign policy we are referring to.

7. The Constitutional and Legal Context
Presidential Box Score
International diplomacy and use of American troops
Historical comparisons suggest presidents’ ability to act decisively often appears modest
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

8. The Constitutional and Legal Context
Evaluating the Power of the President
Checks on Presidential Power
Limitations on the President’s Ability to Give Military or Economic Aid to Other Countries
The War Powers Act
Intelligence Oversight
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9. Presidential Power: Extraordinary Measures
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt ordered all Japanese Americans living on the West Coast be interned in prison camps.
National Archives

10. The Machinery of Foreign Policy
Expansion after WWII
Rivalries within executive branch intensify rivalries between that branch and Congress
Interests of various organizations affect the positions they take
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

11. Foreign Policy and Public Opinion
World War II
Vietnam
September 11, 2001
Backing the President
Mass versus Elite Opinion
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
The cleavage between mass and elite opinion is even wider if you restrict the definition of elite to only
those involved in making foreign policy rather than including all college-educated people.

12. Popular Reactions to Foreign Policy Crises
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Table 19.1
Source: Updated from Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism (New York: Norton, 1969), p Poll data are from Gallup poll and realclearpolitics. com. Time lapse between “before” and “after” samplings of opinion was in no case more than one month

13. Public’s View of America as World Leader
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Figure 19.1
Source: Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, “U.S. Seen As Less Important, China
as More Powerful: Isolationist Sentiment Surges to Four-Decade High,” 3 December 2009.

14. Cleavages among Foreign Policy Elites
How a Worldview Shapes Foreign Policy
Four Worldviews:
Isolationism
Containment
Disengagement
Human rights
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Source: Corbis
A meeting that named an era: In Munich in 1938, British prime minister Neville Chamberlain attempted to appease the territorial ambitions of Hitler. Chamberlain’s failure brought World War II closer.

15. Cleavages among Foreign Policy Elites
Political Polarization
Foreign Policy Goals
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Table 19.2
Source: Chicago Council on Global Affairs, “Foreign Policy in the New Millennium: Results of the 2012 Chicago Council Survey of American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy,” Table 5.2 , “Foreign Policy Goals,” p. 43.

16. The Use of Military Force
Two views of role of the military
Majoritarian
Client
Military-industrial complex
War in Iraq
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

17. U.S. Military Intervention in the Middle East
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

18. U.S. Military Intervention in Central America and the Caribbean Since 1950
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

19. The Defense Budget Total Spending What Do We Get with Our Money?
Escalation after 1950
Reflects changes in public opinion
What Do We Get with Our Money?
Personnel
Big-Ticket Items
Readiness
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
How has the percentage of the GNP spent on defense changed after World War II?

20. Trends in Military Spending (outlays in constant dollars)
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Figure 19.2
Source: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), National Defense Budget Annual Estimates and Reports.”

21. The Structure of Defense Decision Making
Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Services
The Chain of Command
President → Commander-in-Chief
Secretary of Defense
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Since the earliest days of the U.S., there has been a strong desire to ensure civilian control of the military.

22. The New Problem of Terrorism
Bipolar world
Unipolar world
Doctrine of preemption
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

23. The New Problem of Terrorism
Iraq and Afghanistan
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
ADEK BERRY/AFP/Getty Images
A U.S. Marine goes on patrol in Afghanistan.

24. Afghanistan after Bin laden
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Click picture to play video

25. Afghanistan after Bin laden
Taking a closer look:
What impact has the death of bin Laden had on U.S. involvement in Afghanistan?
Are average Americans more interested in domestic or foreign policy issues? Why?
Who benefits from the U.S. presence in Afghanistan?
Why does the U.S. have a civilian commander-in-chief?
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.