1. THE NORTHERN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION
Linguistically, English population: equally distributed bwn North-South
Excluding RP, half of the English people speak E with a Northern accent
NORTHERN SPEECH:
Midlands, the North
Isogloss for Northern accents: 1)FOOT-STRUT: ‘put’ , ‘putt’ :[pʊt]
2) BATH-broadening: ‘gas’ , ‘glass’ :[a( : )]

3. GEORDIE NORTH ACCENT

4. The borderlines of the Northern accents
Linguistically, the North comprises: from Scottish border, south: from Mersey to Humber and Midlands.
It includes: Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Leicester, Peterborough
Every area from Severn Wash line Northwards : the Linguistic North (Wells, 1982, Vol II, p 350)

5. The linguistic North
So, moving away from London to the Scottish border : three main Northern areas:
1) the midlands: east Leicester, Nottingham, West midlands, Birmingham, Wolverhampton
2) the middle North: from Manchester to:
Bradford, Leeds, Sheffield, Yorkshire, Merseyside, Lancashire
3) Far North: Newcastle -upon-Tyne, Durham, Middlesborough

6. The most important speech features of the North; isoglosses
Moving Northwards, the differences btwn one place to the other: sharper 1) FOOT vs STRUT
In local Northern accents: 5 short vowels but due to social pressure for prestigious RP:
5 Vs→6 in formal speech; intermediate stages bwn: /ʊ/ - /ʌ/: varieties of /ʌ/, /ə/, etc … e.g.,’someone’: [ˈsʊmwʊn], [ˈsʊmwɒn], [ˈsəmwən], Hyper-correct avoidance of [ʊ] in FOOT wrds: ‘sugar’:[ˈʃʌgə], [ˈʃəgə], ‘butcher’:[ˈbʌtʃə ], [ˈbətʃə], ‘one’ [wɒn], [wən] instead of: [wʊn] which they know is stigmatised

7. Important accentual features of the North
2) Lack of BATH-broadening: Northern Accents= FLAT - Bath accents ‘laugh’ [la:f], ‘pass’: [pas], ‘glass’: [gla (: )s], ‘gas’ [gas] but educated Northerners who would never pronounce STRUT wrds with [ʊ] who feel it would be denial of their identity to say BATH wrds with [ɑ( : )] so they do pronounce these wrds with [a] 3) MOUTH V: an important isogloss from Middle North →Far North

8. The MOUTH wrds in the North
In the North, GVS did NOT apply to ME /u:/
So, ‘out’: [u:t], ‘cow’: [ku:]
The GOOSE wrds: [ɪə]: ‘shoot’: [ˈʃɪət] but ‘shout’:
[ˈʃu:t]
-Birmingham, West Midlands, Leeds V system?:
TRAP: [ ] STRUT [ ] BATH
FACE [ ei, ] PRICE [aɪ, ]
MOUTH [aʊ, ]

9. Other important differences btwn RP-the North accents/consonants
1)Midlands, Middle North: NG Coalescence: NOT take place in some contexts: ‘sings’: [ˈsɪŋgz], ‘wronged’: [ˈrɒŋgd], ‘running’: [ˈrʊnɪŋg]
2) variability in rhoticity Lancashire: rhotic, Yorkshire: non-rhotic
[ɾ]: widespread in North England, Leeds, Liverpool ‘very’ [veɾi], ‘bright’ OR a uvular: [ʁ]: Durham
3) [l] ˜ with [ɫ] in the North: more clear [l]

10. The middle North: Merseyside: Liverpool accent=Scouse
19th c Irish, Welsh immigrants settled down
Lots of accentual features influenced by Irish:
/ɵ/, /ð/→[dental, alveolar stops] ‘three’: [ṱɾi] (dental t), ‘truth’: [tɹu:t], ‘month’: [mʊnṱ] , ‘that’: [ḓat] 2)voiceless stops: may lack complete closure in syllable final position:
/p, t,k/→[ф, ṯ, x]’snake’ [sneɪx], [dɔ:ṯə], ‘sing’ [sɪŋx] However, [sɪŋg] NOT much stigmatised in Scouse 3) /r/: [ɹ] or [ɾ] ‘three’: [ṱɾ/ɹi], ‘ferry’ [feɾ/ɹi]

11. Scouse accent: main features
NURSE, SQUARE: merge ‘spur’, ‘spare’: [e:] or [ɜ:] or [ɛ centralised]
‘one’, ‘once’: [wɒn], [wɒns]
Prosody: rising tone (vs RP falling): ‘I don’t
̸ like it’ vs RP ‘I don’t \ like it’ or a falling tone (vs RP rising): ‘Are you from \Liverpool?’
Vs RP ‘Are you from ̷ Liverpool?’

12. iii)The Far North : Tyneside, Newcastlle upon Tyne, Durham, Northumberland:Geordie
Differences bwn Geordie-other Northern accents:
1)(pre-)glottalisation in syllable final , and initial position: ‘up’ [ʔʊp], ‘couple’ [kʊpʔəl]
2) urban accents of Geordie: NO h-dropping
3) clear /l/ in most positions
4)broadest Geordie: NURSE/ɜ:/ merged with NORTH /ɔ:/wrds ‘work’ [wɔ:k], ‘first’ [fɔ:st]

13. The Far-North special features
5) THOUGHT:[a:] ‘walk’: [wak:]
Popular Geordie joke:
Doctor: “Do you think you can ‘walk’ ? [wɔ:k]
Geordie Patient: ‘what do you mean can I ‘work’, [wɔ:k] , I can hardly ‘walk’ [wa: k]

14. WALES/WELSH ENGLISH
Few places in Wales have been English speaking for centuries but although Welsh speakers did have acquaintance with E since Middle Ages, they have not had E as their native tongue.
Welsh E as a native, L2: not much older than South African E
Most Welsh E speakers nowadays, have some knowledge of native Welsh
Prevalence of Welsh regardless whether they feel proud of their Welsh identity or this as a remnant of chauvinism

15. Welsh English pronunciation
The main influential source on pronunciation of Welsh English is the phonological system of Welsh
Wales: mountainous area where communication bwn North-South : very difficult
South Wales: under the influence of south-west of England , mid Wales: under the influence of Midlands (Birmingham), and North Wales: under the influence of the North (Liverpool)

16. Welsh English phonological system
General features: 1) intonation: ‘sing-song’
2) prolonged Consonants 3) more monophthongs, fewer diphthongs 4) clear [l]
5) Welsh E: non-rhotic ;[sta:t], [nɔ:ɵ] except:
Dyfed, Gower penninsula, b) Eastern border of Gwent c) in Welsh speakers in whom E is an L2 in the c) category, /r/ [r]: roll, [ɾ]
English wrds borrowed in Welsh retain a historical /r/ in all positions

17. Welsh English features in pronunciation
Initial fricatives voicing ‘farmer’: [va®mə®], ‘seven’: [zɛvən]
MOUTH wrds: /aʊ/: [ɛʊ]
The Welsh language: does accept preconsonantal final /-r/ but bcs Welsh E is the language imposed by school teachers, school kids strive NOT to pronounce their /r/s in pre-consonantal and final positions
By 19th c-English became established-non=-rhoticity: norm in Wales

18. Wales territory

19. Map of Wales

20. THE VOWEL SYSTEM OF SOUTH WALES
ɪ, ɛ, a, ə, ʊ, ɒ, i:, ei, əi, ɔi, ɛ:, ɜ:, ɔ:, a:
KIT CLOTH GOOSE START
DRESS NURSE CHOICE SQUARE
TRAP FLEECE MOUTH CURE
LOT FACE
STRUT PALM
FOOT THOUGHT
BATH GOAT
WHAT ARE THE SYSTEMIC DIFFERENCES BWN RP-WELSH E??

21. PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES BWN RP-WELSH E
1) STRUT-SCHWA merger
2) absence of RP /ɪə/, /ʊə/: /ɪə/→[jɜ:] ‘fur’: [fjɜ:], /ʊə/→[u:ə]:disyllabic: ˈpu:ə
3) monophthongal realisations of long monophthongs: i: FLEECE, u: GOOSE ,
ɛ: SQUARE, [a:] ‘start’, NORTH: [ɔ:]
In some Welsh speaking areas of North Wales: Gwent: LOT : [a] ‘wash’: [a] BATH wrds: vary [a:]=[a] , GOAT: [o:], THOUGHT : [ɔ:]

22. PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF WELSH ENGLISH SPEECH
Welsh E: typical tendency to avoid /ə/ in final checked syllables ‘moment’ [ˈmo:mɛnt], ‘Welshmen’: [ˈwɛlʃmɛn]
II) Welsh Consonants/Welsh English
a) Long duration of medial Cs ˈV-V ‘ready’: [rɛd:i]
‘ever’: [ɛ:v:ə], ‘nothing’ [ˈnʌɵ:ɪŋ]
‘Meeting’- ‘meet in’: [ˈmi:t:ɪŋ]

23. Welsh English/Welsh consonants
b) strong aspiration of voiceless plosives, fricatives ‘see’: [sʰ i:]
c) absence of glottalised plosives ‘cup’: [kʰəpʰ]
‘thick’: [ɵʰɪkʰ] except for Cardiff
d) Standard Welsh: NO /tʃ/, /dʒ/, so in Welsh E:
[ts]: ‘church’: [tsɛ:ts]
e) Northern Welsh has NO [z] or [ʒ] ‘is’: [ɪs], ‘vision’: [ˈvɪʃən]

24. Consonantal features of Welsh/Welsh E
f) /x/ velar or /χ/ uvular fricative and /ɬ/ voiceless lateral fricative in proper names: [amlʊx] ‘Amlwch’, ‘Llew’: [ɬɛ:u]
g) ð is spelt with ‘dd’ in Welsh:‘Ynysddu’[ənɪsˈdi:], Daffydd’ [‘davɪð]
h) clear [l] in all positions
i) /r/ roll [r], tap [ɾ] or uvular [ʁ]
j)stress: some Welsh E words: only one, main stress ‘Port Talbot’: [pətˈa:lbət] k) intonation: rise falls ‘It’ s no longer ˆvalid’