1. EVERYTHING IS AN ARGUMENT
Argumentation
EVERYTHING IS AN ARGUMENT

2. The Rhetorical Triangle
by Aristotle
Speaker
(Ethos)
Subject
(logos)
Audience
(Pathos)

3. What is rhetoric?
The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively. [American Heritage College Dictionary]
“Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.” [Aristotle]

4. Aristotle believed that from the world around them, speakers could:
Observe how communication happens
Use that to develop sound and convincing arguments.

5. Aristotle said that when a rhetor (speaker) begins to consider how to compose a speech, he/she must take into account 3 elements: the subject, the audience, and the speaker.
Speaker
Audience
Subject

6. Subject The writer/speaker:
evaluates what he/she knows already and needs to know
investigates perspectives (researches)
supports assertions with appropriate evidence

7. Audience The writer/speaker:
speculates about audience expectations and knowledge of subject
uses own experience and observation to help decide on how to communicate with audience.

8. Speaker The writer/speaker uses: who they are what they know and feel
what they’ve seen and done
to find their attitudes toward a subject and their understanding of audience.

9. Appeals
The writer/speaker uses different approaches to influence the audience’s attitude toward the subject. These are:
Logos
Ethos
Pathos

10. Logos The writer/speaker: offers clear, reasonable premises and proofs
develops ideas with appropriate details
makes sure readers can follow the progression of ideas.

11. Ethos The writer/speaker uses it when:
he/she demonstrates that they are credible, good-willed, & knowledgeable and
he/she connects their thinking to the reader’s own ethical or moral beliefs.
Audiences and speakers should assume the best intentions and most thoughtful search for truths.

12. Pathos The writer/speaker:
draws on emotions and interests of readers and
highlights those emotions using
1) personal stories and observations
to provoke audience’s sympathetic
reaction and
2) figurative language to heighten
emotional connections.

13. “Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country.” John F. Kennedy
calls attention to ethical qualities of the speaker and listener (ethos)
proposes a solution to the country’s problems by enlisting the citizens’ help (logos)
calls forth emotional patriotism (pathos)

14. Context and Purpose Context: the situation in which writing
and reading occur
Purpose: the emerging aim that
underlies many of the writer’s
decisions

15. Rhetorical Triangle Plus
Speaker
Context/Aim
Context/Aim
Audience
Subject