1. Interactions between species

2. Coevolution: when two species evolve in responses to changes in one another. Leads to close associations between species, like the fig being only pollinated by the fig wasp.

3. Symbiosis: A close relationship between two organisms
Mutualism – both organisms benefit (+, +)
-ants guard the nectar-producing aphids

4. mycorrhizae
Left: same age and type of tree with no mycorrhizae
Hairy fungus projections on roots increase surface area, allowing more minerals to be taken up from the soil. The fungus gets carbs from the plant

5. Clownfish: messy eater. Drops food, has mucus layer to prevent stings
Anemone: provides protection, gains food

6. Lichen: a mutualism between a fungus (anchor) and algae (photosynthesizer)

7. Commensalism – one benefits and the other is NOT harmed (+, neutral)
Remora fish hitch rides on sharks, eat its leftovers, sharks are unharmed

8. Barnacles hitch rides by living on whale skin
Barnacles hitch rides by living on whale skin. Whales take them to fertile water where food is plentiful, but no harm comes to the whale, so it is a commensalism

9. Orchids, spanish moss, and pitcher plants are examples of epiphytes: plants that live above the ground on the branches of trees. They do no harm to the tree, but gain access to sunlight and a platform to grow on: commensalism

10. Parasitism –
one benefits and
the other IS harmed.
(+, -)
This wasp is a parasitoid (a fatal parasite):
It lays its eggs on a host
(the caterpillar) and the larvae feed on its guts until they emerge (after pupation) as adults.
the bottom image shows a tomato hornworm caterpillar covered in parasitoid wasp larvae

11. Ticks and tapeworms are clearly parasites who feed on living hosts

12. Predation: a relationship where one organism feeds (the predator) on another (prey)

14. Prey adaptations and defenses
Coevolution
Camouflage
Disruptive coloration
Ruffle feathers
Make hair stand up
Spray chemicals
Play dead
Killdeer
Warning Coloration
Mimicry
Mullerian mimicry
Poisonous species mimic each other
Batesian mimicry
Non-poisonous mimic poisonous