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Sporer & Schwandt (2007) Meta-analysis
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Key findings Reliable Indicators Major moderators Content of lie
Nodding: less nodding by deceivers (r = -.09) Hand movements: less movement by deceivers (r = -.19) Foot and leg movements: less by deceivers (r = -.07) Smiles: less by deceivers (r = -.07) Adaptors: move by deceivers (r = .07) Content of lie Preparation Motivation Sanctioning Research design (within-Ss versus between-Ss) Form of measurement (duration stronger than frequency)
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Theoretical Explanations for Observed Behaviors
Arousal model (increased nervousness More adaptors (but very small effect size) and decreased rather than increased under high motivation Affect/emotion model (less pleasantness and expressivity) Less nodding (very small effect size) Attempted control (reduced signs of anxiety) Fewer foot & leg movements Few hand movements (elsewhere, not as successful controlling pitch) Cognitive/working memory (increased cognitive load interfering with message production) Fewer hand, foot & leg movements Less nodding (elsewhere: interference with vocalics)
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Observed Behaviors versus Beliefs
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