1. Tools and Techniques for Quality
PART 4

2. Crosby Absolute Principles
How to achieve quality?
Deming Cycle
Crosby Absolute Principles
Juran Philosophy
Six Sigma

3. Deming Cycle

4. Crosby Absolute Principles
The First Absolute: The definition of quality is conformance to requirements
The Next Absolute: The system of quality is prevention
The Third Absolute: The performance standard is zero defects
The Final Absolute: The measurement of quality is the price of non-conformance

5. Juran Philosophy
Quality planning
Quality control
Quality improvement

6. Six Sigma Sigma means variation about the mean.
Capability to produce defect free product leading to customer satisfaction

7. How do we achieve Six Sigma?
We check output on regular basis and results may prove to be either on lower or higher end.
In both cases, we need to adjust till we get acceptable level of performance.
This methodology is called PROCESS SETTING APPROACH.

8. Steps of Six Sigma
Define
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control

9. Quality tools Brainstorming Benchmarking Quality Tools
Fishbone Analysis
FMEA

10. Brainstorming
A technique teams use to generate ideas on a particular subject. Each person on the team is asked to think creatively and write down as many ideas as possible. 
Brainstorming team includes:
Facilitator - sets the meeting agenda and guides the discussion
Scribe- assist the facilitator by recording notes, making copies, etc.
Project team, users, and management

12. Benchmarking Informal Benchmarking Formal
Informal Benchmarking: Informal Benchmarking is to study how other similar organizations perform a business process. It deals usually with customer-related processes, where the team visit other organization as customers to learn how that organization runs a business process, and if possible find possible improvements that can be applied to their own organization.
Formal Benchmarking: Formal Benchmarking is the most thorough and expensive benchmarking strategy. It’s involves establishing formal relation-/partnership with other organizations, whether they are in the same or different industries. The company sends one or more its competent staffs to conduct formal benchmarking to a country where it’s considered has more advanced techniques in doing certain business processes.

13. Benchmarking..outcomes
Plan
Search
Observe
Analysis
Adopt

14. Fishbone Analysis
Fishbone Analysis does not change the basic operation rather improves business process.
Problem analysis: It is probably the simplest and most straightforward technique, in which the team tries to identify problems that the company experienced and then tries to fix them. The nature of this technique tends to be more problem-solving rather than system-improving.
Root-cause analysis: Similar to Problem Analysis technique, Root-cause Analysis also focuses on solving problems that are existed in the system. But unlike in Problem Analysis, in Root-cause Analysis, System Analyst makes an in-depth observation and analysis of the problems. Root-cause Analysis gives more attention to the true problems (what caused the problems / root cause of the problems) rather than only to the symptoms of the problems.

15. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
This technique helps to foresee failure before it happens.
The technique requires the identification of:
All potential failure types
Causes of failures
Effects of failures
Once the types of failures are identifies, Risk Priority Number (RPN) is calculated by assigning severity of failure, probability of failure and likelihood of failure to happen.

16. Identifying possible failures
FMEA process
Identifying possible failures
Risk Quantification
(RPN)
Corrective Action
Relook at RPN

17. RPN Calculation Failure Type Severity Probability Likelihood RPN1 2
1 x 2 x 1 = 2
Failure 2 3 4
3 x 4 x 3 = 36
Failure 3 5
5 x 5 x 5 = 125
Severity
Scale
Very Low 1
Low 2
Medium 3
High 4
Very High 5
Probability
Scale
Very Low 1
Low 2
Medium 3
High 4
Very High 5
Likelihood
Scale
Very Low 1
Low 2
Medium 3
High 4
Very High 5

18. Linking Quality Techniques with Quality Tools
Crosby Philosophy
Quality Tools
Conformance to Requirements FB
Prevention
Benchmarking
Zero Defects
FMEA
Measure is price of non-conformance
Brainstorming
Deming Cycle
Quality Tools
Plan
Brainstorming Do
Benchmarking
Check FB
FMEA
Act
Juran Philosophy
Quality Tools
Quality Planning
Brainstorming
Quality Improvement
Benchmarking FB
Quality Control
FMEA
Six Sigma
Quality Tools
Define
Measure
Brainstorming
Analyze FB
Improve
Benchmarking
Control
FMEA