1. Equivalence And Compound Interest Course Outline 2
Matakuliah : D0762 – Ekonomi Teknik
Tahun : 2009
Equivalence And Compound Interest Course Outline 2

2. Outline Time Value of Money next Mathematical Factor
How to Use Interest Table
Nominal and Effective Interest
References :
Engineering Economy – Leland T. Blank, Anthoy J. Tarquin p.44-99
Engineering Economic Analysis, Donald G. Newman, p
Engineering Economy, William G. Sulivan, p , p
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Bina Nusantara University

3. Time Value of Money
Question: Would you prefer $100 today or $100 after 1 year?
There is a time value of money. Money is a valuable asset, and people would pay to have money available for use. The charge for its use is called interest rate.
Question: Why is the interest rate positive?
Argument 1: Money is a valuable resource, which can be “rented,” similar to an apartment. Interest is a compensation for using money.
Argument 2: Interest is compensation for uncertainties related to the future value of the money.

4. Time Value of Money (example)
Example: You borrowed $5,000 from a bank at 8% interest rate and you have to pay it back in 5 years. There are many ways the debt can be repaid
Plan A: At end of each year pay $1,000 principal plus interest due.
Plan B: Pay interest due at end of each year and principal at end of five years.
Plan C: Pay in five end-of-year payments.
Plan D: Pay principal and interest in one payment at end of five years.

5. Time Value of Money (example)
You borrowed $5,000 from a bank at 8% interest rate and you have to pay it back in 5 years.
Plan A: At end of each year pay $1,000 principal plus interest due. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year
Amnt.
Owed
Int. Owed
Total Owed
Princip.
Payment
Total
int* 2
2+3
5,000
400
5,400
1,000
1,400
4,000
320
4,320
1,320
3,000
240
3,240
1,240
2,000
160
2,160
1,160 80
1,080
Sum
15,000
1,200
16,200
6,200

6. Time Value of Money (example)
You borrowed $5,000 from a bank at 8% interest rate and you have to pay it back in 5 years.
Plan B: Pay interest due at end of each year and principal at end of five years. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year
Amnt.
Owed
Int. Owed
Total Owed
Princip.
Payment
Total
int*2
2+3
5,000
400
5,400
Sum
25,000
2,000
27,000
7,000

7. Time Value of Money (example)
You borrowed $5,000 from a bank at 8% interest rate and you have to pay it back in 5 years.
Plan C: Pay in five end-of-year payments. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year
Amnt.
Owed
Int. Owed
Total Owed
Princip.
Payment
Total
int*2
2+3
5,000
400
5,400
852
1,252
4,148
332
4,480
920
3,227
258
3,485
994
2,233
179
2,412
1,074
1,160 93
Sum
15,768
1,261
17,029
6,261

8. Time Value of Money (example)
You borrowed $5,000 from a bank at 8% interest rate and you have to pay it back in 5 years.
Plan D: Pay principal and interest in one payment at end of five years. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year
Amnt.
Owed
Int. Owed
Total Owed
Princip.
Payment
Total
int*2
2+3
5,000
400
5,400
432
5,832
467
6,299
504
6,802
544
7,347
Sum
29,333
2,347
31,680

9. Mathematical Factor Single Payment Compound Formula
If you put P in the bank now at an interest rate of i% for n years,
the future amount you will have after n years is given by
F = P (1+i)n 
The term (1+i)n is called the single payment compound factor.
The factor is used to compute F, given P, and given i and n.
Handy Notation.
(F/P,i,n) = (1+i)n
F = P (1+i)n = P (F/P,i,n).

10. Mathematical Factor Present Value Example
If you want to have $800 in savings at the end of four years, and 5% interest is paid annually, how much do you need to put into the savings account today?
We solve P (1+i)n = F for P with i = 0.05, n = 4,
F = $800. 
P = F/(1+i)n = F(1+i)-n ( P = F (P/F,i,n) )
= 800/(1.05)4 = 800 (1.05)-4 = 800 (0.8227) = $
Single Payment Present Worth Formula P = F/(1+i)n = F(1+i)-n

11. F = A (1+i)4 + A (1+i)3 + A (1+i)2 + A (1+i) + A
Uniform Series
Uniform series formula derivation 1 2 3 4 5 A F
n = 5 periods
  F = A (1+i)4 + A (1+i)3 + A (1+i)2 + A (1+i) + A
F = A [(1+i)4 + (1+i)3 + (1+i)2 + (1+i) + 1 ]
(1+i) F = A [(1+i)5 + (1+i)4 + (1+i)3 + (1+i)2 + (1+i)]
(1+i) F – F = A [(1+i)5 – 1]
F = A [(1+i)5 – 1]/i  
A = F i/[(1+i)5 – 1] F = A [(1+i)5 – 1]/i

12. Uniform Series Uniform series compound amount factor :
(F/A,i,n) = [(1+i)n – 1]/i, i > 0
Uniform series sinking fund
(A/F,i,n) = i/[(1+i)n – 1]
Example Jane deposits $500 in a credit union at the end of each year for five years. The CU pays 5% interest, compounded annually. At the end of five years, immediately following her fifth deposit, how much will Jane have in her account?
F = A (F/A,i,n) = A [(1+i)n – 1]/i = $500[(1.05)5 – 1]/(0.05)
= $500 (5.5256) = $2,  $2,763.

13. Uniform Series Uniform series compound amount factor :
(F/A,i,n) = [(1+i)n – 1]/i, i > 0
Uniform series sinking fund:
(A/F,i,n) = i/[(1+i)n – 1]
Uniform series capital recovery :
(A/P,i,n) = [i (1 + i)n]/[(1+i)n – 1]
Uniform series present worth:
(P/A,i,n) = [(1+i)n – 1]/[i (1 + i)n]
Given F, Find A
Given A, Find F
Given A, Find P
Given P, Find A

14. How to Use Table

15. Relationships Between Compound Interest Factors
F = P(1+i)n = P(F/P,i,n) P = F/(1+i)n = F (P/F,i,n)
P=A[(1+i)n–1]/[i(1 + i)n] =A(P/A,i,n) A =P[i(1 + i)n]/[(1+i)n–1]=P(A/P,i,n)
F=A{[(1+i)n – 1]/i}=A(F/A,i,n) A=F{i/[(1+i)n–1]}=F(A/F,i,n)
Present Worth factor
Compound Amount factor
(F/P,i,n) = 1/ (P/F,i,n)
(A/P,i,n) = 1/(P,A,i,n)
Uniform Series
Present Worth Factor
Uniform Series Capital Recovery Factor
(A/F,i,n) = 1/ (F/A,i,n)
Uniform Series Compound
Amount Factor
Uniform Series Sinking Fund Factor

16. Arithmetic Gradient + = P = A(P/A,5%,5) + G(P/G,5%,5)
Suppose you buy a car. You wish to set up enough money in a bank account to pay for standard maintenance on the car for the first five years. You estimate the maintenance cost increases by G = $30 each year. The maintenance cost for year 1 is estimated as $120.
Thus, estimated costs by year are $120, $150, $180, $210, $240.
P = A(P/A,5%,5) + G(P/G,5%,5)
= 120(P/A,5%,5) + 30 (P/G,5%,5)
= 120 (4.329) + 30 (8.237)
= = $766
240
210
180
150
120 P?
i= 5%
A= 120 = + 90 60 30
G= 30
Standard Form Diagram for Arithmetic Gradient: n periods and n-1 nonzero flows in increasing order

17. Arithmetic Gradient
F = G(1+i)n-2 + 2G(1+i)n-3 + … + (n-2)G(1+i)1 + (n-1)G(1+i)0
F = G [ (1+i)n (1+i)n-3 + … + (n-2)(1+i)1 + n-1]
(1+i) F = G [(1+i)n-1 + 2(1+i)n-2 + 3(1+i)n-3 + … + (n-1)(1+i)1]
iF = G [(1+i)n-1 + (1+i)n (1+i)n … + (1+i)1 – n + 1] =
= G [(1+i)n-1 + (1+i)n (1+i)n … + (1+i)1 + 1] – nG =
= G (F/A, i, n) - nG = G [(1+i)n-1]/i – nG
F = G [(1+i)n-in-1]/i2
P = F (P/F, i, n) = G [(1+i)n-in-1]/[i2(1+i)n]
A = F (A/F, i, n) =
= G [(1+i)n-in-1]/i2 × i/[(1+i)n-1]
A = G [(1+i)n-in-1]/[i(1+i)n-i]
(n-1)G 2G G
…..
….. 1 2 3 …. n 1 2 3 …. n F 17

18. Arithmetic Gradient Arithmetic Gradient Uniform Series
Arithmetic Gradient Present Worth
(P/G,5%,5) =
= {[(1+i)n – i n – 1]/[i2 (1+i)n]}
= {[(1.05)5 – 0.25 – 1]/[0.052 (1.05)5]}
= / =
(P/G,i,n) = { [(1+i)n – i n – 1] / [i2 (1+i)n] }
=1/(G/P,i,n)
(A/G,i,n) = { (1/i )– n/ [(1+i)n –1] }
=1/(G/A,i,n)
(F/G,i,n) = G [(1+i)n-in-1]/i2
=1/(G/F,i,n) 18

19. Arithmetic Gradient = +
Example Maintenance costs of a machine start at $100 and go up by $100 each year for 4 years. What is the equivalent uniform annual maintenance cost for the machinery if i = 6%.
This is not in the standard form for using the gradient equation, because the year-one cash flow is not zero.
We reformulate the problem as follows.
100
200
300
400 A
400
300
200
100 A
i= 6%
100 = +
300
200
G= 100
A= 100
A = A1+ G (A/G,6%,4) = (1.427) = $242.70 19

20. Geometric Gradient
Example Suppose you have a vehicle. The first year maintenance cost is estimated to be $100. The rate of increase in each subsequent year is 10%. You want to know the present worth of the cost of the first five years of maintenance, given i = 8%.
Repeated Present-Worth (Step-by-Step) Approach: 20

21. Geometric Gradient
Geometric Gradient. At the end of year i, i = 1, ..., n, we incur a cost Aj = A(1+g)i-1.
P= A(1+i)-1+A(1+q)1(1+i)-2+A(1+q)2(1+i)-3+…
…+A(1+q)n-2(1+i)-n+1+A(1+q)n-1(1+i)-n
P(1+q)1(1+i)-1= A(1+q)1(1+i)-2+A(1+q)2(1+i)-3+…
…+A(1+q)n-1(1+i)-n+A(1+q)n(1+i)-n-1
P - P(1+q)1(1+i)-1= A(1+i)-1 - A(1+q)n(1+i)-n-1
P (1+i-1-q) = A (1 - (1+q)n(1+i)-n)
i≠q: P = A (1 - (1+q)n(1+i)-n)/(i-q)
i=q: P = A n(1+i)-1 2 3 …. n A
A(1+q)1
A(1+q)2
A(1+q)n-1 21

22. Geometric Gradient Example n = 5, A1 = 100, g = 10%, i = 8%.
(P/A,g,i,n) = (P/A,10%,8%,5) =
P = A(P/A,g,i,n) = 100 (4.8042) = $
Go Back 22

23. Nominal & Effective Interest
Nominal Interest Rate
Ten thousand dollars is borrowed for two years at an interest rate of 24% per year compounded quarterly.
If this same sum of money could be borrowed for the same period at the same interest rate of 24% per year compounded annually, how much could be saved in interest charges?
interest charges for quarterly compounding:
$10,000(1+24%/4)2*4-$10,000 = $
interest charges for annually compounding:
$10,000(1+24%)2 - $10,000 = $
Savings:
$ $5376 = $562.48
Compounding is not less important than interest
You have to know all the information to make a good decision 23

24. Effective Interest
The effective interest rates you pay are a function of how much money you have available and how much money you give up for the use of these funds.
In the simplest form of borrowing, a one-year loan of $ 10,000 at 12% interest will costs $ 1,200.
The effective interest rate is $ 1,200 / $ 10,000 or 12%.
As we change the costs and/or amount of funds available, the effective interest rate will change.

25. Nominal & Effective Interest
This topic is very important. Sometimes one interest rate is quoted, sometimes another is quoted. If you confuse the two you can make a bad decision. 
A bank pays 5% compounded semi-annually. If you deposit $1000, how much will it grow to by the end of the year?
The bank pays 2.5% each six months.
You get 2.5% interest per period for two periods.
1000  1000(1.025) = 1,025  1025(1.025) = $1,050.60
With i = 0.05/2, r = 0.05,
P  (1 + i) P  (1+r/2)2 P = ( /2)2 P = ( ) P

26. Nominal & Effective Interest
Terms the example illustrates:
r = 5% is called the nominal interest rate per interest period (usually one year)
i = 2.5 % is called the effective interest rate per interest period
ia = % is called the effective interest rate per year
In the example: m = 2 is the number of compounding subperiods per time period.
ia = ( ) – 1 = (1.025)2 – 1 = (1+0.05/2)2 – 1
r = nominal interest rate per year 
m = number of compounding sub-periods per year
i = r/m = effective interest rate per compounding sub-period.

27. Nominal and Effective Interest Rate27

28. Nominal and Effective Interest Rate
Example Joe Loan Shark lends money on the following terms. “ Duh, If I gib you 50 dolla on Monday, den youse guys owes me 60 dolla da following Monday.” 1.What is the nominal rate, r? We first note Joe charges i = 20% a week, since 60 = (1+i)50  i = 0.2. Note we have solved F = 50(F/P,i,1) for i. We know m = 52, so r = 52  i = 10.4, or 1,040% a year. 2. What is the effective rate, ia ? From ia = (1 + r/m)m – 1 we have ia = (1+10.4/52)52 – 1  13,104. This means about 1,310,400 % a year. 28

29. Nominal and Effective Interest Rate
Suppose Joe can keep the $50, as well as all the money he receives in payments, out in loans at all times? How much would Joe L. Shark have at the end of the year?
We use F = P(1+i)n to get F = 50(1.2)52  $655,232
(not bad, but probably illegal) 
Words of Warning. When the various compounding periods in a problem all match, it makes calculations much simpler.
When they do not match, life is more complicated.
Recall Example. We put $5000 in an account paying 8% interest, compounded annually. We want to find the five equal EOY withdrawals.
We used A = P(A/P,8%,5) = 5000  (0.2505)  $1252.
Suppose the various periods are not the same in this problem

30. Nominal and Effective Interest Rate
Sally deposits $5000 in a CU paying 8% nominal interest, compounded quarterly. She wants to withdraw the money in five equal yearly sums, beginning Dec. 31 of the first year. How much should she withdraw each year? 
Note : effective interest is i = 2% = r/4 = 8%/4 quarterly, and there are 20 periods.
Solution:
$5000
i = 2%, n = 20 W 30

31. Nominal and Effective Interest Rate
the withdrawal periods and the compounding periods are not the same.
If we want to use the formula
A = P (A/P,i,n)
then we must find a way to put the problem into an equivalent form
where all the periods are the same.
Solution 1. Suppose we withdraw an amount A quarterly. (We don’t, but suppose we do.). We compute 
A = P (A/P,i,n) = 5000 (A/P,2%,20) = 5000 (0.0612) = $306.
These withdrawals are equivalent to P = $5000
i = 2%, n = 20
$5000 31

32. Nominal and Effective Interest Rate
Now consider the following:
Consider a one-year period:
This is now in a standard form that repeats every year.
W = A(F/A,i,n) = 306 (F/A,2%,4) = 306 (4.122) = $1260.
 Sally should withdraw $1260 at the end of each year. A W W W W
i = 2%, n = 4 W 32

33. Nominal and Effective Interest Rate
Solution 2 (Probably the easiest way)
ia = (1 + r/m)m – 1 = (1 + i)m – 1 = (1.02)4 – 1 =  8.24%
Now use:
W = P(A/P,8.24%,5) = P {[i (1+i)n]/[(1+i)n – 1]} = 5000(0.252)
= $1260 per year. W
$5000
ia = 8.24%, n = 5 33

34. Continous Compounding34

35. Continuous Compounding
We will pay little attention to continuous compounding in this course. You are supposed to read the material on continuous compounding in the book, but it will not be included in the homework or tests.
ia = (1 + i)m – 1 =
= (1 + r/m)m – 1
r = nominal interest rate per year 
m = number of compounding sub-periods per year
i = r/m = effective interest rate per compounding sub-period.
Continuous compounding can sometimes be used to simplify computations, and for theoretical purposes. The table above illustrates that er - 1 is a good approximation of (1 + r/m)m for large m. This means there are continuous compounding versions of the formulas we have seen earlier.
For example,
F = P ern is analogous to F = P (F/P,r,n): (F/P,r,n)inf= ern
P = F e-rn is analogous to P = F (P/F,r,n): (P/F,r,n)inf= e-rn 35

36. Summary Notation
i: effective interest rate per interest period (stated as a decimal) 
n: number of interest periods 
P: present sum of money  
F: future sum of money: an amount, n interest periods from the present, that is equivalent to P with interest rate i 
A: end-of-period cash receipt or disbursement amount in a uniform series, continuing for n periods, the entire series equivalent to P or F at interest rate i. 
G: arithmetic gradient: uniform period-by-period increase or decrease in cash receipts or disbursements 
g: geometric gradient: uniform rate of cash flow increase or decrease from period to period
r: nominal interest rate per interest period (usually one year)
ia: effective interest rate per year (annum) 
m: number of compounding sub-periods per period 36

37. Summary: Formulas Single Payment formulas:
Compound amount: F = P (1+i)n = P (F/P,i,n)
Present worth: P = F (1+i)-n = F (P/F,i,n)
Uniform Series Formulas
Compound Amount: F = A{[(1+i)n –1]/i} = A (F/A,i,n)
Sinking Fund: A = F {i/[(1+i)n –1]} = F (A/F,i,n)
Capital Recovery: A = P {[i(1+i)n]/[(1+i)n – 1] = P (A/P,i,n)
Present Worth: P = A{[(1+i)n – 1]/[i(1+i)n]} = A (P/A,i,n)
Arithmetic Gradient Formulas
Present Worth P = G {[(1+i)n – i n – 1]/[i2 (1+i)n]} = G (P/G,i,n)
Uniform Series A = G {[(1+i)n – i n –1]/[i (1+i)n – i]} = G (A/G,i,n)
Geometric Gradient Formulas 
If i  g, P = A {[1 – (1+g)n(1+i)-n]/(i-g)} = A (P/A,g,i,n)
If i = g, P = A [n (1+i)-1] = A (P/A,g,i,n) 37

38. Summary: Formulas
Nominal interest rate per year, r: the annual interest rate without considering the effect of any compounding  
Effective interest rate per year, ia:
ia = (1 + r/m)m – 1 = (1+i)m – 1 with i = r/m
Continuous compounding, :
r – one-period interest rate, n – number of periods
(P/F,r,n)inf= e-rn
(F/P,r,n)inf= ern 38