1. DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis
Unit 5

2. Notes
DNA Structure

3. DNA Structure DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE
SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE)
NITROGEN BASE
1. DNA Structure
2. Journey into DNA
3. DNA to Protein

4. DNA Structure GENETIC INFO PROTEINS THYMINE ADENINE CYTOSINE GUANINE
DNA looks like a twisted ladder. This
shape is known as a _______________________.
DOUBLE HELIX

5. pRACTICE 4 COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING RULE
Circle one nucleotide.
How many nucleotides are in this picture?
We say A is _____________________ to T and C is ________________________ to G. this is the ____________________________. 4
COMPLEMENTARY
COMPLEMENTARY
BASE PAIRING RULE

6. Steps of DNA Replication
DNA replicates before
An ENZYME (called comes in and breaks the bonds between the base pairs which causes the strand of DNA to split or “unzips” (what is left looks like a ladder cut in two).
The appropriate NUCLEOTIDE are then matched up (by another enzyme called .
What you are left with is identical strands of DNA.
A CELL DIVIDES
HELICASE
HYDROGEN
POLYMERASE
TWO

7. DNA Replication
This mode of replication is called replication because each parental strand is used as a model (or template) for the generation of the new daughter (or complementary) strand. Color the backbone of original strand blue and the newly formed strand red. Identify the parts of the DNA molecule below as the original strand or the new strand.
SEMICONSERVATIVE
4. ORIGINAL
5. NEW
6. ORIGINAL
7. NEW

8. DNA vs RNA & Protein Synthesis

9. DNA vs RNA & Protein Synthesis
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
NUCLEOTIDE
HAS GENETIC INFO (CODE) TO MAKE PROTEINS
HELPS MAKE PROTEINS 2 1
DEOXYRIBOSE
RIBOSE
A, T, C, G
A, U, C, G
NUCLEUS, CYTOPLASM, RIBOSOME
NUCLEUS OF EUKARYOTES

10. DNA vs RNA & Protein Synthesis
Three types of RNA:
RNA (mRNA)– carriers the code from the DNA in the to the in the cytoplasm.
Every three mRNA nucleotides is a How many are in the mRNA pictured below?
MESSENGER
NUCLEUS
RIBOSOME
CODON
FOUR
mRNA
Codon

11. DNA vs RNA & Protein Synthesis
RNA (rRNA) combines with proteins to make up the
Made up of two subunits that snap together around the mRNA.
RIBOSOMAL
RIBOSOME
rRNA (& protein)

12. DNA vs RNA & Protein Synthesis
RNA (tRNA) is the complement to the mRNA.
Its job is to bring to the ribosome to make the protein.
The 3 letters on the tRNA is called an
How are codons related to anticodons?
TRANSFER
AMINO ACIDS
tRNA
ANTICODON
THEY ARE COMPLEMENTS OF EACH OTHER

13. Protein Synthesis

14. Enzymes Hemoglobin Cellular Respiration ATP Insulin Integral proteins
So why do we even need to make proteins???? Here are several important proteins.
________________ - help with the chemical reactions in your body (metabolism).
__________________ - covers the red blood cells and helps carry oxygen to all the cells in your body. Remember your body needs oxygen to undergo __________________________ to produce 38 __________ molecules giving your body energy.
________________ - helps maintain blood sugar homeostasis. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver.
______________________ - Forms channels in the cell membrane to help transport substances in and out of the cell
________________ - These help with growth and development
Makes up your muscles that help your body move.
Is every protein made at all times within an organism?
Enzymes
Hemoglobin
Cellular Respiration
ATP
Insulin
Integral proteins
Hormones
No, this would be a waste of time & energy. Proteins are made when needed.

16. NUCLEUS RIBOSOME Flow chart of Protein Synthesis
(Label the arrows with the 2 steps).
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
protein
DNA
mRNA
The DNA contains the code for making proteins. But DNA cannot leave the safety of the ______________. Therefore, mRNA is formed from the DNA and leaves the nucleus taking the message out to the ___________________ where proteins are made.
NUCLEUS
RIBOSOME

18. Protein Synthesis First Step = Transcription Occurs in the
1. DNA & Protein Synthesis Rap
2. Interactive DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis
First Step = Transcription
Occurs in the
is used to form
Second Step = Translation
Occurs at the
The tRNA picks up a specific in the cytoplasm and ‘travels’ to the mRNA (which is attached to the ).
The tRNA attaches to the mRNA. When 2 tRNA molecules are next to one another at the ribosome a bond forms between the 2 amino acids.
NUCLEUS
DNA
mRNA
RIBOSOME
AMINO ACID
RIBOSOME
PEPTIDE

19. After all the amino acids are put together, the protein is not functional until it ___________________ up into it’s 3-D shape.
FOLDS

20. Diagram of Protein Synthesis (Transcription + Translation)
Label
Name A
NUCLEUS C
RIBOSOME B
mRNA D
tRNA E
ANTICODON F
CODON G H
AMINO ACID H

21. Dna mutations CHANGE POINT FRAMESHIFT POINT SUBSTITUTION FRAMESHIFT
2 Main types of DNA mutations:
If the DNA mutates then the protein may ___________________.
____________ or ______________________ - one base is replaced with a different base
_______________________ - a base is inserted or deleted so the entire sequence is changed from that point on.
Example:
Normal Protein: - The red cat ate the fat rat.
__________________ Mutation - The red hat ate the fat rat.
_________________ Mutation - The reb dca tat eth efa tra t
Causes of Mutations:
Random errors in DNA replication
mutagens – physical or chemical agents that cause mutations
Ex: x-rays, UV rays
Mutations are not always bad –they are a source of genetic diversity
CHANGE
POINT
SUBSTITUTION
FRAMESHIFT
POINT
FRAMESHIFT

22. Protein Synthesis C A G G U C
Glutamine

23. Protein Synthesis STOP MAKING THE PROTEIN, SIGNIFIES THE END.C A G G U C
GLUTAMINE A
UUU
PHENYLALANINE C T
CCU
GLYCINE
TAC
AUG
UAC
CUA
GAU
LEUCINE
CAC
CAC
3 STOP CODONS (UAA, UGA, UAG)
STOP MAKING THE PROTEIN, SIGNIFIES THE END.
MUTATION – AND GET A NON-FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION

24. Mutations

25. Mutations Causes of Mutations: Random errors in DNA replication
1. DNA Mutation Causing Cancer
2. How Mutations Work
3. Mutations
4. Mutations - sickle shaped cells
Causes of Mutations:
Random errors in DNA replication
mutagens – physical or chemical agents that cause mutations
Ex: x-rays, UV rays
Mutations are not always bad –they are a source of genetic diversity