1. Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial Medical University
Pathophysiology Department
PATHOLOGY OF WHITE BLOOD
PhD., Viktoriya Piliponova

2. By morphology of nucleus leukocytes are divided into:
polymorphonuclear;
mononuclear.
By the inclusions presence leukocytes are divided into:
granulocyte;
agranulocyte.
After their origin leukocytes are divided into:
myeloid;
lymphoid.
In vessels leukocytes form 2 pools:
circulatory pool (50%);
parietal (marginal) pool (50%).

4. Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Quantity of leukocytes in norm is equal to 4-9x109 /l.
Leukogram
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
1-5%
0-1%
meta-myelosytes:
0-1%,
Bands (stab):
1-6%,
Segm:
47-72%
19-37%
3-11%

5. White blood pathology Types of violations: leukocytosis; leukopenia;
leukemia.
LEUKOCYTOSIS is the increase of leukocytes quantity in the unit of the blood volume over than 9 x 109/l.

6. physiological; pathological. emotional; alimentary; myogenic; static;
CLASSIFICATIONS OF LEUKOCYTOSIS
By pathogenesis leukocytosis are divided into:
physiological;
pathological.
Kinds of physiological leukocytosis:
emotional;
alimentary;
myogenic;
static;
in pregnant;
in new-born.

7. Kinds of pathological leukocytosis:
increase of leukopoiesis
enlarged exit of leukocytes from the marrow
redistributional
hemoconcentrational.

8. Classification of leukocytosis according to mechanism:
Absolute - enlarged production or acceleration of leukocytes entrance from the marrow into the blood.
Relative - as a result of leukocytes redistribution or hemoconcentration.

9. Classification of leukocytosis after cellular composition:
neutrophilic [neutrophilia];
eosinophilic [eosinophilia];
basophylic [basophilia];
lymphocytic [lymphocytosis];
monocytic [monocytosis].

10. Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Reasons:
purulent inflammation
aseptic inflammation.

11. nuclear shift Neutrophils myelosytes: 0%, meta-myelosytes: 0-1%,
bands (stab):
1-6%,
Segmented:
47-72%
nuclear shift

12. Types the nuclear shift to the left:
regenerative
hyperregenerative
regenerative-degenerative
degenerative

14. Eosinophilic leukocytosis
Reasons:
allergic reactions
helminthic invasions
adrenal cortex insufficiency
chronic myeloleukemia

15. Basophylic leukocytosis
Reasons:
allergic reactions,
autoimmune diseases;
chronic myeloleukemia
myxedema;
hemophilia;
tumors.

16. Lymphocytic leukocytosis
Reasons:
chronic specific infection diseases
acute infection diseases
chronic lymphocytic leukemia;
lymphomas

17. Monocytic leukocytosis
Reasons:
chronic specific infection diseases;
acute infection diseases
Malaria;
ricketsiosis;
chronic monocytic leukemia;
infectious mononucleosis;
ovarian carcinoma and breast cancer;
agranulocytosis (in the recovery stage).

18. LEUKOPENIA is decrease of leukocytes quantity in the unit of blood volume less than 4 x 109/l.

19. Classification of leukopenia by their origin:
Primary (inherited)
Kosthman’s neutropenia;
periodic (cyclic) leukopenia
Secondary (acquired)emerges as a result of action:
radiation ionizing;
chemical agents (some drugs, benzol);
biological agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi).

20. Classification of leukopenia by their pathogenesis:
Inhibition of leukopoiesis
Diminishing of leukocytes coming out from the marrow
Increase of destruction of leukocytes

21. AGRANULOCYTOSIS is the decrease or absence of granulocytes less than 0,75 x 109/l by the decrease of leukocytes quantity less than
1 x 109/l.

22. LEUKEMIA is the systemic blood disease of tumor nature with the obligatory primary affection of the marrow which is characterized by a hyperplasia, metaplasia and anaplasia of the hematopoietis tissue.

23. Etiology Carcinogenic factors : physical chemical biological
hereditary

24. Classification of leukemias
acute
chronic
myeloid;
lymphoid;
undifferentiated.

25. Pathogenesis
1-monoclonal stage
2-polyclonal stage–
Terminal

26. ACUTE LEUKEMIA
Gemogram:
blasts quantity is more than 30%;
“leukemic gap”
anemia;
trombocytopenia.

28. CHRONIC LEUKEMIA Gemogram: blasts quantity less than 5%;
plenty of maturing cells of the 5th level
insufficient quantity of mature cells of the 6th class
anaemia;
trombocytopenia.

29. ERYTHREMIA
Vaquez-Osler disease (polycythemia) is chronic leukemia, which is characterized by the marrow injury at the myeloid progenitor cell level with unlimited proliferation which keeps a capacity for differentiation after four tissues, but in the first place by the red ones.
Difference between erythremia and erythrocytosis:
at erythremia the all blood cells quantity (red corpuscles, thrombocytes, leukocytes) increases
in erythrocytosis – only erythrocytes quantity increases.

31. Leukaemoid reactions –
reactions from the blood side which morphologically are close to leukemia but differ from leukemia by etiology and pathogenesis and does not turn into leukemia on which they alike.

32. After the blood picture leukaemoid reactions are divided into:
myeloid type:
neutrophilic;
eosinophilic;
lymphoid type;
lymphoid;
monocytic;
mixed.

33. Principles of treatment:
Cytostatic drugs
Principles of treatment: