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METALLIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
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Prominent Features of Nonferrous Metals
Characteristic colour Low melting temperature Low hardness High plasticity Absence of polymorphic transformations
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Classification of Nonferrous Metals
Light: Al, Mg, Be, [ Ti ] Low-melting: Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi Noble: Au, Ag, Pt, [ Cu ] Refractory: W, V, Nb, Zr, Ti
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Russian platinum coins of XIX century
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Aluminium Alloys W – wrought alloys, C – cast alloys,
NS – alloys not strengthened by heat treatment, S – alloys strengthened by heat treatment
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The eutectic consists of two phases: E = α + CuAl2.
Phase Diagram Al – Cu The eutectic consists of two phases: E = α + CuAl2.
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Microstructure of Duralumin
Annealing Quenching Ageing 60 HB HB HB
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Structural and Property Change in Duralumin in the process of Ageing
Type of Ageing t, °C Structural Change Property Change Natural and low-temperature artificial ageing ≤ Guinier-Preston zones (ZGP 1) ↑ σт; σт/σв≤0,7; ↑ δ, KCU, corrosion resistance Long-term artificial ageing Guinier-Preston zones (ZGP 2) Artificial ageing Phase θ σт/σв до 0,95; ↓δ, KCU, corrosion resistance Phase θ
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Структура сплава на основе алюминия:
Microstructure of high-strength aluminium alloy: strengthening by disperse particles , where R is distance between particles Структура сплава на основе алюминия:
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Aluminium is an air-craft alloy (unit strength of its alloys is more than 20)
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Titanium Alloys Alloying elements form solid solutions (а) or eutectoid mixes (b) with titanium
a b
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Phase diagram Ti – Al L L L
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Microstructure of titanium alloy ВТ6 after quenching (titanium martensite)
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Microstructure of titanium alloy ВТ15 after quenching and ageing
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Native Copper
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Copper is one of the most plastic metals
Copper is one of the most plastic metals. Slip lines on a polished copper surface
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Rolled copper wire is the most important material for electrical industry
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Phase Diagram Copper–Zinc
L
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Strength and plasticity of brass depending on zinc content
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Brass articles made by cold sheet metal stamping
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Phase Diagram Copper–Tin
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Bronzes properties depending on tin content
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Microstructures of bronzes
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Specific characteristics of metallic materials
Grade (Russian) σT, MPa σT/(ρ·g), km E/(ρ·g)·10-3, km Magnesium alloy МА10 430 21 2,3 Aluminium alloy В96 700 23 2,4 Titanium alloy ВТ15 1500 30 2,6 Steel 03Н18К9М5Т 2000 27 Beryllium 680 37 16,1 Материал Марка σВ, МПа σВ/(ρ·g), км E/(ρ·g)·10-3, км Сплав магния МА10 430 21 2,3 Сплав алюминия В96 700 23 2,4 Сплав титана ВТ15 1500 30 2,6 Сталь 03Н18К9М5Т 2000 27 Бериллий 680 37 16,1
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