1. VERB RECOGNITION

2. PERSONAL ENDINGS ACTIVE -ō/m -s -t -mus -tis -nt IMPERATIVE: -[zero]
-te
PASSIVE/DEPONENT
-or
-ris
-tur
-mur
-minī
-ntur
IMPERATIVE:
-re

3. THEME VOWELS - A
-ā (swallowed by `ō’, shortened by `nt’, final `m’, final `t’, or final `r’)
present tense of –āre verbs: e.g. clāmant, they shout
(after `b’) imperfect: e.g. laudābāminī, you (pr.) were being praised
(after `er’) imperfect of sum, pluperfect of any verb: e.g. laudāverant, they had praised
present subjunctive of –ēre, -ere and -īre verbs: e.g. videātur, is/may be seen; regātur, is/may be ruled; audiātur, is/may be heard
(in –am/-ar) `I’ form of future of -ere and -īre verbs: e.g. loquar, I will speak

4. THEME VOWELS - E
-ē/e (never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ , final `t’ or final `r’ )
present tense of –ēre verbs: e.g. vidēris, you (sing.) are seen
present subjunctive of –āre verbs: e.g. pulsēmur, we are/may be seen
(after vowel plus `r’) imperfect subjunctive: e.g. habēret, he/she had /might have [i.e. infinitive plus personal endings]
(after -iss- ) pluperfect subjunctive: e.g. dīxisset, he/she had said [i.e. perfect infinitive plus personal endings]
future tense of –ere and –īre verbs: e.g. dīcet, he/she will say; loquēris, you will speak; audient, they will listen
(only if short before passive/dep. ending –ris) present of –ere verb: e.g. loqueris, you (sing.) speak

5. THEME VOWELS - I
-ī/i (never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ or final `t’)
present tense of –īre verbs and (with a short `i’ all the time) of –ere verbs like regō, capiō: e.g. contendit, hastens; interficimus, we kill
(after a perfect stem) perfect tense: e.g. amāvit, he/she loved, vīdimus, we saw
(after `b’) future tense of - āre and -ēre verbs: e.g. ambulābimus, we will walk
present subjunctive of sum, possum, volō, nōlō, mālō:
e.g. velim, I would like; timeō nē in perīculō sīmus, I’m afraid we may be in danger
(after `er’) future tense of sum, future perfect or perfect subjunctive of all verbs:
e.g. cucurrerint, they will have run / they have run

6. THEME VOWELS -U -u (usually only before `nt’)
present tense of –ere and –īre verbs: reguntur, they are ruled; audiunt, they hear
(after `b’) future tense of 1st or 2nd. Conj. e.g. amābunt
(with `er’) future tense of sum: e.g. erunt, they will be
(after `ēr’) perfect tense: e.g. aedificāvērunt, they have built

7. SPECIAL ENDINGS TO REMEMBER SEPARATELY
-istī, -istis: singular and plural `you’ in perfect tense:
Cūr mē relīquistī, Why have you left me?
-ī: `I’ in perfect tense or (with present stem base) passive infinitive:
Eam invēnī, I’ve found her
Urbs defendī nōn potest, The city cannot be defended
theme vowel plus -re: infinitive or passive/deponent singular imperative/indicative
Volunt abīre, They want to go away
Loquere Speak! OR You (sing.) are speaking.
theme vowel plus –rī: passive infinitive
Nōlunt spectārī, They don’t want to be watched
perfect base plus -isse: perfect infinitive
Sciō eum opus perfēcisse, I know he has finished the work
theme vowel without ending: singular imperative
Cantā, Sing! Curre, Run!
theme vowel plus –te: plural imperative
Cantāte, Sing! Currite, Run!
theme vowel plus –bor; `I’ form of future (passive/deponent)
Docēbor, I will be taught

8. capiunt

9. capiunt
-`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject

10. capiunt -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject
-u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present tense

11. capiunt -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject
-u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present tense
They capture

12. loquiminī

13. loquiminī
-minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent

14. loquiminī -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent
-i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b’, so present tense or imperative

15. loquiminī -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent
-i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b’, so present tense or imperative
you (plural) speak
Speak!

16. currēbat

17. currēbat
-t, so he/she or singular noun subject

18. currēbat
-t, so he/she or singular noun subject
-ba-, so imperfect

19. currēbat -t, so he/she or singular noun subject -ba-, so imperfect
He/she was running

20. faciēmus

21. faciēmus
-mus, so `we’

22. faciēmus
-mus, so `we’
-e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere), so future

23. faciēmus
-mus, so `we’
-e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere) f, so future
We will do

24. dēfenduntur

25. dēfenduntur
-ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent

26. dēfenduntur
-ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent
-u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present

27. dēfenduntur
-ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent
-u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present
(they) are defended

28. vidēbāris

29. vidēbāris
-ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent

30. vidēbāris
-ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent
-bā- so imperfect

31. vidēbāris -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent -bā- so imperfect
You were being seen

32. laudāverant

33. laudāverant
-nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject

34. laudāverant -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject
-era- after perfect base so pluperfect

35. laudāverant -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject
-era- after perfect base so pluperfect
(they) had praised

36. sequere

37. sequere
-re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative or indicative 2nd. person singular

38. You (sing.) are following
sequere
-re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative or indicative 2nd. person singular
Follow! OR
You (sing.) are following

39. aedificāverimus

40. aedificāverimus
-mus, so `we’

41. aedificāverimus -mus, so `we’
-eri- after perfect base so future perfect or perfect subjunctive (the latter tense has a long `i’ in prose wherever possible but may be short or long in poetry)

42. aedificāverimus -mus, so `we’
-eri- after perfect base so future perfect or perfect subjunctive (the latter tense has a long `i’ in prose wherever possible but may be short or long in poetry)
We will have built OR
We have built

43. currerēmus

44. currerēmus
-mus, so `we’

45. currerēmus -mus, so `we’
-erē- (infinitive ending from currere), so imperfect subjunctive

46. We were running/might run etc.
currerēmus
-mus, so `we’
-erē- (infinitive ending from currere), so imperfect subjunctive
We were running/might run etc.

47. cōnābor

48. cōnābor
-bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent

49. cōnābor
-bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent
I will try

50. dēfendī
-ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?

51. dēfendī
-ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?
EITHER the passive infinitive

52. dēfendī
-ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?
EITHER the passive infinitive
OR the `I’ form of the perfect

53. dēfendī
-ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?
EITHER the passive infinitive
OR the `I’ form of the perfect
To be defended OR
I defended

54. vēnissēmus

55. vēnissēmus
-mus, so `we’

56. vēnissēmus
-mus, so `we’
-issē- so pluperfect subjunctive

57. We had come, would have come etc.
vēnissēmus
-mus, so `we’
-issē- so pluperfect subjunctive
We had come, would have come etc.

58. audiētis

59. audiētis
-tis, so you (plr.)

60. audiētis -tis, so you (plr.)
-ē- on an –īre verb (audiō, audīre), so future

61. audiētis -tis, so you (plr.)
-ē- on an –īre verb (audiō, audīre), so future
You (plr.) will listen

62. cantēmus

63. cantēmus
-mus, so `we’

64. cantēmus
-mus, so `we’
-ē- on an –āre verb (cantō, cantāre), so present subjunctive

65. cantēmus
-mus, so `we’
-ē- on an –āre verb (cantō, cantāre), so present subjunctive
Let us sing!

66. canēmus

67. canēmus
-mus, so `we’

68. canēmus
-mus, so `we’
-ē- on an –ere verb (canō, canere), so future

69. canēmus -mus, so `we’ -ē- on an –ere verb (canō, canere), so future
We will sing