1. Question Bias and memory effect
Respondent bias and measurement error
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2. Cognitive bias and memory effetcs
Bias and errors
Cognitive bias and memory effetcs
Cognitive bias is a general term that is used to describe many distortions in the human mind that are difficult to eliminate and that lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, or illogical interpretation
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3. A possible classification of cognitive biases can be the following
Bias and errors
A possible classification of cognitive biases can be the following
Decision making and behavioral biases
Anchoring – the common human tendency to rely too heavily, or "anchor," on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.
Framing effect – drawing different conclusions from the same information, depending on how that information is presented
Negativity bias – the tendency to pay more attention and give more weight to negative than positive experiences or other kinds of information.
Status quo bias – the tendency to like things to stay relatively the same
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4. Biases in probability and belief
Bias and errors
Biases in probability and belief
Availability heuristic – estimating what is more likely by what is more available in memory, which is biased toward vivid, unusual, or emotionally charged examples.
Halo effect –the perception of some characteristics is influenced by the perception of another characteristic (An example would be the perception of the taste of a plate can be influenced by the aspect.
………..
Social biases
Social desirability bias is the tendency of respondents to reply in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.
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5. Bias and errors Memory errors
Telescoping effect – the effect that recent events appear to have occurred more remotely and remote events appear to have occurred more recently.
Rosy retrospection – the tendency to rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occurred.
Forgetting effect
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6. (to be translated to the agricultural case during the discussion).
Bias and errors
One way to aid people to recall and dating the events is to decompose the question or to introduce some time references
The following is an example from a paper describing the cognitive approach to improve a questionnaire for a social survey on health
(to be translated to the agricultural case during the discussion).
Assume we are interested to know the total amount of visits to a dentist of a family in the past 12 months and that we carrying out a face to face interview
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7. The simplest way is to ask directly this information
Bias and errors
The simplest way is to ask directly this information
During the past 12 months how many visits did your family make to a dentist?
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8. A better form could be the following:
Bias and errors
A better form could be the following:
The next question concern visits to the dentist that anyone in the family may have made in the past year. To help you remember possible visits I will read a list of reasons some people have for going to the dentist.
Do not answer as I read the list. It is just to jog your memory.
Some people got to the dentist because they are in pain or because a tooth broke
Some people go to the dentist as part of a series of orthodontic treatments
Some people…
…..
During the past 12 months how many visits did your family make to a dentist?
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9. How can be translated the previous example in the following cases:
Bias and errors
Discussion
How can be translated the previous example in the following cases:
Total irrigated area;
Number of pesticides treatments;
……. ……
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