1. Mixtures and solutions
Physical combinations

2. Mixtures and solutions
What is a mixture?
A mixture is a physical combination of different substances.

3. Mixtures and solutions
What are the different types of mixtures?
The 2 types are heterogeneous and homogeneous.
Heterogeneous have an uneven distribution of particles.
Homogeneous have an even distribution of particles.

4. Mixtures and solutions
What falls in the heterogeneous category?
Mixture: not mixed liquids
Suspension: liquids that settle
Examples:
Pepper
Salt, sand, and iron filings
Muddy water
Italian salad dressing

5. Mixtures and solutions
What falls into the homogenous category?
Solutions: mixtures in liquid that look like one substance.
Colloids: mixtures that are evenly distributed, but have larger particles.
Examples
Gelatin
Vinegar
Butter
What is the Tyndall effect?
What is Brownian motion?

6. Mixtures and solutions
What is solution concentration?
Concentration is how much substance is dissolved into a solution.
Solvent: substance in higher amount
Solute: dissolves into the solvent
Unsaturated-more room to dissolve.
Saturated-no more room to dissolve.
Super-saturated-more than can be held is dissolved in solution.

7. Mixtures and solutions
How do we show solution concentration?
There are several ways . . .
% by mass
% by volume
Molarity
Molality
Mole fraction

8. Mixtures and solutions
What is % by mass?
Mass of solute X100
mass of solution
What is the % by mass of 3.6 g of NaCl in g of water?

9. Mixtures and solutions
What is % by volume?
Volume of solute x 100
Volume of solution
What is the % by volume of 35 mL of ethanol in 155 mL of water?

10. Mixtures and solutions
What is molarity?
Molarity is a comparison of moles of solute to liter of solution.
Molarity = moles solute/liter of solution
How strong is 73 grams of hydrogen chloride dissolved in 250 mL of water?
8.0 M

11. Mixtures and solutions
What is the dilution equation?
M1V1 = M2V2
M = molarity
V = volume
How can you dilute 250 mL of 12 M HCl to 8 M HCl?

12. Mixtures and solutions
What is molality?
Molality is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
What is the molality of 4.5 g of NaCl in g of water.

13. Mixtures and solutions
What is the mole fraction?
What is the mole fraction of 36 g HCl and 64 g of water?

14. Mixtures and solutions
What is solvation?
Solvation is the process of taking apart ions to make a solution. They become surrounded by polar water molecules.
Water is polar, this means each end has a slight charge due to the unbalanced sharing of electrons.

15. Mixtures and solutions
What factor affect solvation?
Temperature changes speed of particles.
Surface area changes contact points.
Agitation changes speed of particles.
Pressure changes some mixtures.

16. Mixtures and solutions
What happens to the properties of a mixture?
The properties of a mixture take on some of the properties of the substances involved because they keep their chemical structures.

17. Mixtures and solutions
What are colligative properties?
Colligative properties are changes in properties that depend on the concentration of solute.
Vapor pressure lowering
Boiling point elevation
Freezing point depression
Osmotic pressure

18. Mixtures and solutions
liquid
solid
Gas